2b). Two of the ‘Re-grown’ sites had been recently opened up as a nature conservation measure by

thinning out the younger trees. As this was done only 1 year before sampling, they were still classified as ‘Re-grown’ since the fauna was buy AR-13324 assumed to need some years to respond to the opening-up of the habitat. On several of the ‘Re-grown’ sites it was evident that there had been many more old lime trees some decades before as there were circles of sprouting stems from the remnants of former stumps. The ‘Park’ sites were either avenues in parks (n = 6) (Fig. 2c), along roads (n = 1), or a mixture of these (n = 1) at manor houses in the countryside. Fig. 2 Three categories of sites were studied: a ‘Open’ sites, which GSK2118436 were grazed wooded meadows, b ‘Re-grown’ sites, which were wooded meadows re-grown with forest 40–60 years ago, c ‘Park’, which were avenues in parks or

along roads at manor houses in the countryside The number of hollow lime trees in total was included in the analysis as a measure of the size of BI-D1870 concentration the sites. For 16 of the sites data on this were obtained from “the tree gateway” (www.​tradportalen.​se, on the 18th of March 2011) which is a web-based database for collecting reports on veteran trees and other trees worthy of protection. Inventories made by county administrative boards are usually included. For the remaining nine sites the number of trees was estimated from our field visits when doing the beetle inventory, in three of the baroque parks with some help of web-based satellite images on which crowns of alley trees are distinguishable. This data has a lot of apparent uncertainties as several persons have collected the data. Furthermore, somewhat different criteria seems to have been used for which trees to include. Therefore, the data was categorised in three classes (Table 1). Also the total number of hollow trees was counted, but not included in analyses Paclitaxel chemical structure because this measure had the same problem with uncertainties and was strongly correlated to the number of lime trees. Table 1 Variables measured in the study

Variable Units/categories Type Park/Open/Re-grown RT90N RT90-coordinates increasing from south to north RT90E RT90-coordinates increasing from west to east Year 2001/2004/2006/2007/2008 Average circumference Average circumference of the four sampled trees (cm) Max. circumference Circumference of the largest sampled tree (cm) No. of trees The number of hollow limes on the site, classified as 1 = ≤10 trees; 2 = 11–49 trees; 3 = ≥50 trees Sampling of beetles At each site, four lime trees with a high potential to harbour a rich saproxylic beetle fauna were selected on which window traps were placed to catch beetles. Thus, selected trees should preferentially be coarse and hollow. If possible, trees of somewhat different types were selected, although choice was limited at sites where there were few trees to choose from.