With increasing resistance

With increasing resistance BIIB057 cost of the organisms

to Chloramphenical, Cephalosporins (e.g. Ceftriaxone) and Quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin) came into being with metranidazole added for the anaerobes and gentamicin for the gram-negative pathogens. This is the regimen commonly used in our centre. However, a recent study done in our centre has shown resistance of the organisms to this combination and highly sensitive to Imipenem and meropenem [51]. But unfortunately these drugs may not be readily available in many third world countries including Tanzania. The overall complications rate in this series was 39.4% which is comparable to what was reported by others [13, 23]. High complications rate was reported by Kouame et al [27]. This difference in complication rates can be explained by differences in antibiotic coverage, meticulous preoperative care and proper resuscitation of the patients before operation, improved anesthesia and somewhat better hospital environment. In agreement with other studies [6, 13, 15, 28, 37], surgical site infection was the most common postoperative complications

in the present study. High rate of surgical site infection in the present study may be attributed to contamination of the laparotomy wound during the surgical procedure. The overall median duration of hospital stay in the present study was 28 days which is higher than that reported by other authors [15, 22, 23, 25, 31]. This can be explained by the learn more presence of large number of patients with postoperative complications in our study. In the developing world, mortality rates from typhoid

perforation AZD5363 supplier have been reported to range from 9-22%. The mortality rate of 23.1% in the present study is comparable to the rates reported from tropical countries such as 22.0% from Nigeria where chloramphenical is still the drug of first choice [14]. These figures are much higher than the rates reported from other Histamine H2 receptor tropical countries such as 6.8% from Nepal [52], and 10.5% from India [46]. A high mortality rate of 39.0% was also reported in Nigeria by Meier et al [53]. Exceptionally low mortality rates of 1.5-2% have been reported from some parts of the developed world, where socioeconomic infrastructures are well developed [21]. The reasons for the high mortality are multifactorial. In our experience in this study high mortality rate was attributed to delayed presentation, inadequate antibiotic treatment prior to admission, shock on admission, HIV positivity, low CD4 count (< 200 cells/μl), high ASA classes (III-V), delayed operation, multiple perforations, severe peritoneal contamination and presence of postoperative complications. Self discharge by patient against medical advice is a recognized problem in our setting and this is rampant, especially amongst surgical patients. Similarly, poor follow up visits after discharge from hospitals remain a cause for concern.

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