The nanocomposites show ��-Nicotinamide in vivo a low composition dependency at higher frequencies, since the dielectric behavior is dominated by the copolymer phase. The PVP films exhibit lower dielectric permittivity (Figure  4d) because the PVP polymer possesses a lower intrinsic dielectric constant of 5.1 (at 100 Hz) [29]. Figure 4 Effective permittivity and loss tangent of the ferrites / polymer thin films. Effective permittivity (a) and loss tangent (b) of CFO/P (VDF-HFP) nanocomposite thin films

with CFO fractions from 0 to 30 wt.%. (c) Effective permittivity of the CFO/P(VDF-HFP) as a function of composition at 100 to 1 MHz. (d) Effective permittivity of CFO/PVP films. For 0–3 type nanocomposites with high permittivity nanocrystal fillers discretely distributed in a ferroelectric polymer matrix, the effective permittivity of the films is calculated by the JAK inhibitor modified Kerner model (or Kerner equation) [30, 31] as shown in Equation 1: (1) where (2) and (3) The effective permittivity of the films, ϵ eff, is predicted using an average of the host and the filler particle permittivities (ϵ h and ϵ f), wherein the contributions are weighted by the fraction of each component (f f for filler and f h for host, Equation 1). The measured effective permittivities and those calculated from the modified Kerner

model for both PVDF-HFP and PVP films are summarized in Table  1. Table 1 Comparison of effective permittivity of the CFO/polymer films at 100 kHz from experimental and modified Kerner model Sample Selleckchem Alectinib ϵ eff(measured)

ϵ eff(calculated from Kerner equation) Δϵ eff P(VDF-HFP) films        10 wt.% CFO 9.1 7.3 +1.8  20 wt.% CFO 19.08 13.44 +5.64  30 wt.% CFO 28.56 19.71 +8.85 PVP films        10 wt.% CFO 9.17 8.82 +0.35  20 wt.% CFO 14.59 13.62 +0.97  30 wt.% CFO 18.05 19.90 −1.85 The effective permittivity of the CFO/P(VDF-HFP) films shows a distinctive and continuous increase relative to the theoretical value estimated by the Kerner model, contrary to the expectations based solely on a composited effective dielectric constant. This can be contrasted with CFO/PVP, which shows significantly less deviation between experiment and theory, and follows expected behavior for a simple combination of two components for ϵ eff . This observation, of deviating behavior in the case of CFO/P(VDF-HFP), is interesting and strongly suggests additional interactions between the polymer and nanoparticle. The phenomenon is ascribed to interfacial interactions between the magnetic filler and the piezoelectric matrix. P(VDF-HFP) undergoes lattice distortion under an applied electric field due to the piezoelectric effect, which introduces local stresses and strain at the ferrite-copolymer interface. Since the check details thermal shrinkage nature of the P(VDF-HFP) makes complete mechanical coverage of the copolymer over the CFO nanocrystals, and both CFO and P(VDF-HFP) are mechanically hard phases, with Young’s modulus of 141.