Dietary intake was not controlled but participant’s dietary intake was recorded prior to each testing session and analyzed for energy intake and macronutrient content. Participants were instructed to maintain their normal resistance-training program and maintain training logs so training volume could be compared. Subjects who

qualified for the study participated in a familiarization session in which the study was explained to the participants and informed consent was obtained. After the familiarization session, subjects were matched for bodyweight, years of training experience, and age and randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1.) KA at manufacturer’s EVP4593 nmr recommended doses (KA-L, 1.5 g/d for 28-days); 2.) KA at creatine equivalent loading (4 x 5 g/d for 7-days) and maintenance (5 g/d for 21-days) doses as CrM (KA-H); or, 3.) CrM at normal loading (4 x 5 g/d for 7-days) and maintenance doses (5 g/d for 21-days). Table 1 Overview of Study Design Familiarization and Entry Baseline

Day 0 Loading Phase Day 7 Maintenance Phase Day 28 Familiarization session 4-Day Diet History 4-Day Diet History 4-Day Diet History Informed Consent Form Muscle Biopsy Submit Training Log Submit Training PRI-724 order Log Demographic Form Fasting Blood Sample Body Weight Muscle Biopsy Muscle Biopsy Health History Form Body Water (BIA) Fasting Blood Sample Fasting Blood Sample Exercise History Form DEXA Body Composition Body Weight Body Weight 4-day Dietary History 1 RM Leg Press Body Water (BIA) Body Water (BIA) General Exam to Determine Qualifications to Participate in Study 1 RM Bench

Press DEXA Body Composition DEXA Body Composition Height and Body Weight Wingate Anaerobic Capacity Test Wingate Anaerobic Capacity Test 1 RM Leg Press Practice Wingate Anaerobic Capacity Test Loading Phase of check details Supplementation Begins Low-Dose Maintenance Phase of Supplementation Begins 1 RM Bench Press Randomization into one of three groups (CrM, KA-L, KA-H) Maintain Training Log   Wingate Anaerobic Capacity Test Instructions for Supplementation       Participants Apparently healthy resistance-trained males with no self-reported recent history of creatine supplementation were recruited to participate in this study. Participants were not allowed to participate in this study if they had any metabolic disorder including known electrolyte abnormalities; heart MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit disease, arrhythmias, diabetes, thyroid disease, or hypogonadism; a history of hypertension, hepatorenal, musculoskeletal, autoimmune, or neurologic disease; if they were taking thyroid, anti-hyperlipidemic, hypoglycemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, or androgenic medications; or, if they had taken dietary supplements containing creatine within three months prior to the start of the study. Participants were recruited from the student population and from area fitness facilities. Participants completed demographic, health history and exercise history forms.