The PND-1186 supplier catheter samples were cut in cross sections and fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde, followed by fixation with osmium tetroxide, tannic acid and uranyl acetate. Fixation was followed by a series of ethanol dehydration

steps and samples were sputter-coated with gold palladium. The samples were then scanned by electron microscopy for AZD0530 concentration biofilms at different degrees of magnification. Microarrays Cultures and RNA isolation for microarrays Single species biofilms of S. epidermidis (strain 1457) and C. albicans (strain 32354) and mixed species biofilms were formed on 6-well tissue culture plates. Five ml of organism suspensions (O.D. 0.3, S. epidermidis 107 CFU/ml or C. albicans 105 CFU/ml) or 2.5 ml each for mixed-species biofilms for 24 hr. RNA was harvested from single species and mixed-species biofilms using RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen) and Fast-RNA Pro-BLUE kit (MP Biomedicals) according Selleck Tanespimycin to manufacturer’s instructions. Total RNA from 3 biological replicates each for S. epidermidis and mixed species biofilms was shipped to Mycroarray

(http://​www.​mycroarray.​com, Ann Arbor, USA) for hybridization to microarrays. Microarray design In situ synthesized oligonucleotide microarrays were manufactured by Mycroarray and probe sequence designed using a proprietary version of OligoArray 2.0 [48]. Arrays were synthesized on slide-sized glass substrates and each slide had an array composed of 40,962 spots, of which 33,715 spots contain 45mer probes for S. epidermidis genes, 525 empty features without a probe and 720 features with Mycroarray quality control probes. In addition, there are 6000 probes for randomly selected Candida genes to assess potential cross hybridization

with S. epidermidis genes. There were up to 3 probes per gene why and 5 identical replicates of each S. epidermidis probe. Multiple probes per gene format was chosen to account for the genetic variability between S. epidermidis 1457 strain used in our experiment compared to strain RP62A used in the microarray probe design. Also, to avoid theoretical cross contamination, S. epidermidis probes were blasted against C. albicans genome sequence (http://​www.​candidagenome.​org) and S. epidermidis probes with potential match with C. albicans sequences were removed from the array design. Separately, RNA from pure C. albicans cultures were also hybridized to the arrays and cross-hybridizing probes were removed from data analysis. Microarray hybridization and data analyses Microarray experiments were performed by Mycroarray and data analyzed at Texas Children’s Hospital. Briefly, the purified mRNA was amplified and incorporated with amino allyl-UTP for indirect labeling with fluorescent dyes.