(C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The interacting GSI-IX ic50 effects of different environmental cues in determining a plant’s phenotype and performance are poorly understood aspects of phenotypic plasticity. We examined the interacting effects

of shading and mechanical stress (MS) on growth, reproduction, and mechanical stability. We subjected 10 grassland genotypes and 10 forest genotypes of Impatiens capensis to two levels of spectral shading and two levels of MS. Shade induced the production of taller, thinner internodes, but this response was inhibited by MS. This interactive effect was stronger in the grassland genotypes than in the forest genotypes, indicating that shade avoidance can be suppressed by MS and that the degree

of this suppression differs between habitats. Among genotypes, greater plasticity in shade-induced internode elongation resulted in a larger reduction in the ability of plants to carry their own weight. This suggests that the occurrence of mechanical constraints may strongly contribute to the selection against shade-induced elongation responses in forest understory genotypes. Our results show that combined responses to different environmental cues can result in a fine-tuning of phenotypic expression by plants by maintaining the potential to strongly respond to single environmental cues but also by buy VX-661 preventing potential future costs resulting from poor adaptation to other stresses.”
“Process distortions are still a challenge in composite manufacturing. In academia and in industry, considerable effort is invested to characterize the main drivers inducing manufacturing distortions. this website However, due to the variety of different manufacturing techniques, such as resin

transfer molding (RTM), resin transfer infusion (RTI) or prepreg processing, universal conclusions are not available yet.\n\nThis paper focuses on process distortions in prepreg manufacturing using autoclave techniques. A comprehensive experimental study is performed that focuses on essential parameters such as lay-up, part thickness, part radius and scattering of occurring distortions. About 200 L-profile specimens are fabricated on invar and aluminum tools in order to study the effect of the tool material on spring-in. All specimens of this study are made from 8552/A54 prepreg material. Experimental findings are compared to results published in the literature, while the effect of flange warpage is discussed in detail. Scattering of measured distortions is evaluated, while at least three specimens of each configuration are fabricated. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BackgroundThe invasive measuring techniques are of great help in the evaluation of skin physiological functions and topical formulation. The reproducibility and accuracy of the instrument are crucial.