All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used and

their suffering. The rats were deeply anesthetized with ketamine plus xilazine (75 and 10 mg/kg, i.p., respectively) and placed on a stereotaxic apparatus. Two small holes were drilled in the skull for microinjection, and 2 μL of a 2.5 M ornithine solution (5 μmol) (pH 7.4 adjusted with NaOH), 0.8 M homocitrulline solution (1.6 μmol) (pH 7.4 adjusted with NaOH) or NaCl (controls) at the same volume and concentration, was slowly injected bilaterally over 4 min into the lateral ventricles via needles connected by a polyethylene tube to selleck products a 10-μL Hamilton syringe. The needles (one in each ventricle) were left in place for another 1 min before being softly removed.

The coordinates Sotrastaurin cell line for injections were as follows: 0.6 mm posterior to bregma, 1.1 mm lateral to midline and 3.2 mm ventral from dura (Paxinos and Watson, 1986). The correct position of the needle was tested by injecting 0.5 μL of methylene blue injection (4% in saline solution) and carrying out histological analysis. In some experiments, the effect of antioxidants on Orn and Hcit-induced oxidative damage was also evaluated by preinjecting the animals daily with N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 150 mg/kg, i.p.), or the combination of α-tocopherol (vitamin E, 40 mg/kg, i.p.) plus ascorbic acid (vitamin C, 100 mg/kg, i.p.), or saline (NaCl 0.9%, i.p.) for 3 days, after which the animals received an acute ICV injection of Orn, Hcit or NaCl. Animals (male rats) were killed by decapitation 30 min after ICV injection of Orn, Hcit or NaCl, and the brain was immediately removed, the vessels and blood removed, and kept on an ice-plate. The olfactory bulb, pons and medulla were discarded and the cerebral cortex was dissected, weighed and kept chilled until homogenization. These procedures lasted up to 3 min. For the determination www.selleck.co.jp/products/Nutlin-3.html of oxidative stress parameters, cerebral cortex was homogenized in 10 volumes (1:10, w/v) of 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 containing 140 mM KCl. Homogenates were centrifuged at 750 × g for 10 min at 4 °C to discard nuclei and cell debris (

Evelson et al., 2001). The pellet was discarded and the supernatant containing mitochondria was immediately separated and used for the measurements. For CO2 production, the cerebral cortex was homogenized (1:10, w/v) in Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.4. For the determination of the activities of the respiratory chain complexes I–III, II, II–III and IV and the CAC enzymes, cerebral cortex was homogenized (1:20, w/v) in SETH buffer, pH 7.4 (250 mM sucrose, 2.0 mM EDTA, 10 mM Trizma base and 50 UI mL−1 heparin). The homogenate was centrifuged at 800 × g for 10 min and the supernatant was kept at −70 °C until being used for enzymatic activity determination. For creatine kinase activity determination, the cerebral cortex was homogenized (1:10 w/v) in isosmotic saline solution.