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J Org Chem 2002,67(1):245–258.CrossRefPubMed 52. Gietz RD, Schiestl RH, Willems AR, Woods RA: Studies on the transformation of intact yeast cells by the LiAc/SS-DNA/PEG procedure. Yeast 1995,11(4):355–360.CrossRefPubMed 53. Pierce SE, Fung EL, Jaramillo DF, Chu AM, Davis RW, Nislow C, Giaever G: A unique and universal molecular barcode array. Nat Methods 2006,3(8):601–603.CrossRefPubMed Authors’ contributions DK, LMM, DR, GG, CN, CDR and MR conceived and designed the experiments. DK, LMM, SH and DR performed the experiments. DK and LMM analyzed the data. DK and MR wrote

the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Recent analyses of bacterial genomes have revealed that these structures are comprised of a mixture of relatively stable Selleckchem HKI272 core regions and lineage-specific variable regions (also called genomic islands (GIs)), which commonly contain genes acquired via horizontal gene transfer. In bacteria, horizontal gene transfer occurs RAS p21 protein activator 1 via conjugation, DNA uptake, transduction and lysogenic conversion, and is mediated largely by mobile genetic elements (MGEs). MGEs are present in most sequenced genomes and can account for the bulk of strain-to-strain genetic variability in certain species [1]. MGEs are part of a so-called “”flexible gene pool”" and shape bacterial genomes by disrupting host genes, introducing novel genes and triggering various rearrangements. One class of MGEs is derived from bacteriophages

and a second is derived from plasmids. Both classes may be associated with integrase genes, insertion sequence (IS) elements and transposons, thus forming elements that are mosaic in nature [2]. Our current knowledge of the impact of MGEs on their hosts comes primarily from pathogeniCity islands in which bacteriophages, plasmids and transposons act as carriers of genes encoding toxins, effector proteins, cell wall modification enzymes, fitness factors, and antibiotic and heavy metal resistance determinants in pathogenic bacteria. Much less is known about the Peptide 17 concentration diversity and role of MGEs in nonpathogens, in which these elements may enable their hosts to adapt to changing environmental conditions or colonize new ecological niches.