Consequentially, this interval was not further considered in source space data. We calculated the L2-MNP solution for the mean auditory evoked fields within the time-interval of interest between 100 and 150 ms after stimulus onset in order to estimate the underlying neural sources of the emotion effect. In accordance with our expectations of finding differential CS+ and CS− processing in sensory cortex, as well as within a distributed attentional network comprising frontal and parietal brain areas (e.g. Corbetta & Shulman, 2002), regions in left parietotemporal and in right prefrontal

GSK126 nmr cortex were modulated in the presence of motivationally significant stimuli (Figure 3). In addition, a weaker effect was evident in a right-hemispheric www.selleckchem.com/products/ldk378.html region closely corresponding to the left parietotemporal cluster, as well as an effect within a right ventral occipitotemporal

region that was not consistent with our hypotheses. The statistics for these effects will be described in the following. For the left-hemispheric parietotemporal region, a two-way repeated-measures anova revealed a significant Session × Valence interaction (F1,32 = 6.4, P = 0.017). Post hoc paired t-tests calculated separately for pre- and post-conditioning sessions showed that CS+ and CS− processing differed significantly after (post-conditioning, CS+ mean ± SD, 21.26 ± 9.19; CS−, 24.19 ± 11.25; t32 = −4.05, P = 0.000), but not before affective learning (pre-conditioning, CS+, 21.04 ± 8.94; CS−, 21.15 ± 10.74; t32 = −0.12, P = 0.91). We found stronger neural source strength for safety-signalling CS− as compared to CS+ in this ROI, being in accordance with the sensor space results reported above for the

posterior left-hemispheric sensor group. As visual inspection of the ∆post-pre CS+ minus ∆post-pre CS− difference maps projected on 3-D brain models (Fig. 3A) suggested a weaker, but inverted, effect in a corresponding right-hemispheric region, the same tests were performed for a mirror-symmetric parietotemporal neural generator cluster in the right hemisphere. A three-way repeated-measures anova including the factor Hemisphere showed a significant Session × Valence × Hemisphere interaction (F1,32 = 5.24, P = 0.029), suggesting differential Liothyronine Sodium hemispheric preferences for approach- and avoidance-related processing in the left and right hemisphere, respectively. However, the Session × Valence interaction (F1,32 = 0.81, P = 0.374), as well as a t-test for post-conditioning CS differences (t32 = 1.51, P = 0.142) for the right hemisphere alone did not yield significant results. Results at the right hemisphere did not change qualitatively when a data-driven ROI instead of a mirror-symmetric region was defined. A neural generator cluster in right prefrontal cortex revealed a significant Session × Valence interaction (F1,32 = 6.37, P = 0.