Consequently, redox inactivation of p53 is a plausible explanation for the lack of activity that was seen despite nuclear accumulation following selenite exposure. Selenite induced Bax up-regulation and Bcl-XL down-regulation The immunoreactivity for the proapoptotic mediator Bax increased significantly in the sarcomatoid cells but not in the epithelioid cells following

selenite treatment (Figure 4). This clear phenotypic difference may partially explain why sarcomatoid cells are more sensitive to selenite. Morphological controls verified that staining was localised to cytoplasmic granules consistent with mitochondria (not shown). Although activation of Bax in response to selenite has been shown in other systems [9, 17, 18, 44, 54], this is the first learn more report of differential expression coupled to sensitivity. Figure 4 Expression of Bax and Bcl-XL. Top two buy Alisertib panels: flow cytometric analyses of Bax expression. Sarcomatoid but not epithelioid cells responded to selenite treatment with a marked upregulation. Bottom four panels: flow cytometric analyses of Bcl-XL expression. Epithelioid cells lost Bcl-XL expression completely after selenite treatment, whereas sarcomatoid cells showed a partial loss. Gray histograms show the negative controls for the immunostaining.

Three independent experiments were performed. In mesothelioma, the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bcl-XL is frequently overexpressed [55], and this has been shown to be an important mechanism by which mesothelioma cells gain apoptosis resistance [56]. In the epithelioid cells, the Bcl-XL expression decreased Orotic acid markedly after selenite treatment, whereas only a subpopulation of the sarcomatoid cells showed lower expression after treatment (Figure 4). Selenite caused caspase activation particularly in the epithelioid cells Both epithelioid and sarcomatoid cells showed a 6-fold increase in caspase-mediated cleavage of cytokeratin 18 after selenite treatment (Figure 5), indicating activation of caspases 3, 6, 7, and 9. Doxorubicin, as a positive control, caused

a 10-fold increase in the epithelioid cells and a 6-fold increase in the sarcomatoid cells. Figure 5 Caspase activation as determined by cytokeratin 18 cleavage. M-30 Apoptosense assay showing the amounts of caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 fragments detected. Bars indicate the standard error of the mean. For statistical analyses, two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post test was used. Data represent the means of three independent experiments. Flow cytometric analysis for procaspase-3 showed that both cell types have a similar baseline expression. After selenite treatment, subpopulations of both phenotypes lose procaspase-3. In the epithelioid cells, this this website corresponds to the appearance of a distinct subpopulation (13%) that is positive for activated caspase-3. In the sarcomatoid cells, there is also a small fraction (5%) of cells that stain more intensely for activated caspase-3, but it is not distinctly separated from the main peak (Figure 6).