Data are expressed using means±SD. Statistical analyses were performed using PASW statistics 18 software (IBM SPSS, NY, USA). The amplitudes and the latencies for source activities and the locations of ECD were statistically analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. The differences in the increased ratio of the source activities accompanying the increase in pin number or stimulus intensity were also analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA in order to compare the responses from MS and

ES. The sphericity of the data was analyzed using Mauchly′s test, and Greenhouse–Geisser-corrected significance values were used when sphericity was lacking. Tukey′s HSD was used for multiple comparisons. For all analyses, differences were considered significant at the p<0.05 level. The present study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for scientific research (B)22300192 from the Japan Society selleckchem for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and a Grant-in-Aid program

from Niigata University of Health and Welfare (H24B05). “
“Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion causes injury to brain tissues, including neurons, glial cells, and cerebral blood vessels, resulting in their dysfunction. ALK assay Numerous studies have revealed the possible factors that cause cell damage and the therapeutic targets of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. For instance, massive release of glutamate into the extracellular space, induction of oxidative stress, and generation of proinflammatory cytokines occur during or after ischemia. Suppression of these events attenuates ischemic insults (Lakhan et al., 2009, Mehta et al., 2007, Nakka et al., 2008, Park et al., 1988, Peters et al., 1998 and Tuttolomondo et al., 2009). There are two regions in an ischemic brain: the ischemic core and the penumbra. In the ischemic core region, neurons and glial cells suffer severe injury characterized by necrosis and their

function is irreversibly impaired during the acute phase Loperamide of ischemia-reperfusion. In the penumbra region, cell insults are moderate and cell death due to apoptosis progresses for several days (Ueda and Fujita, 2004). Research into agent intervention to save cells from cell death in the penumbra region is ongoing (Barone, 2009 and Kaushal and Schlichter, 2008). We previously found a neuroprotective substance, serofendic acid, in a lipophilic extract of fetal calf serum. Serofendic acid is 15-hydroxy-17-methylsulfinylatisan-19-oic acid and a sulfur-containing atisan-type diterpenoid (Kume et al., 2002). It is a low-molecular-weight (mw 382) compound and exhibits potent protective effects on neurotoxicity induced by glutamate, NO, and oxidative stress without inhibiting glutamate receptors in cultured cortical, striatal, and spinal cord neurons (Kume et al., 2005, Kume et al., 2006, Osakada et al., 2004 and Taguchi et al., 2003).