Firstly, unlike F0, F1 shifts are typically used during normal speech to change phonemic categories. As a result, F1 shifts are likely different from shifts in F0. Secondly, the stacked model approach tested a fully constrained model. The approach employed by this study is minimally constrained; consequently, this approach removes bias that could result from a priori constraint and Navitoclax uncovers pathways that best fit the model from an unbiased standpoint. Therefore, further investigation of the neural network responsible for voice control is warranted. Here, we examined the effective connectivity of voice control using a data-driven approach to SEM. We utilized data from a previously

published fMRI dataset (Parkinson et al., 2012) that employed the pitch shift paradigm during vocalization. We created two models (shift/no shift) examining bilateral cortical brain regions previously identified as being involved in vocalization, including the superior temporal gyrus (STG), premotor cortex (PMC), primary motor cortex (M1), and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) (Brown et al., 2009, Parkinson et al., 2012 and Tourville et al., 2008). We hypothesized that our models would confirm differences in connectivity between models for regions involved in audio-vocal integration. Differences between models were identified through the absence

or presence of pathways as well as connection strengths. The path coefficients represents AP24534 nmr the direct proportional functional

influence one region has on another (McIntosh & Gonzalez-Lima, 1994). Furthermore, due to previous work that showed differences in processing during perturbation in bilateral STG, we hypothesized that bilateral STG would show changes in modulation between the two models (Parkinson et al., 2012). We expected that this would result in a greater degree of involvement in error processing (shift condition) than in typical vocalization (no shift) between regions, which would be indicated by a larger path coefficient. Subject data was obtained from a previous functional imaging study (Parkinson et al., 2012). This sample included ten right-handed English-speaking subjects. Two of these Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) subjects were omitted from the current analysis due to lack of activations in the no shift vs. rest condition in two or more seed regions and two additional subjects scanned since publication of the above study were included. This provided ten subjects (4 males, 6 females, mean age 30) with no history of neurological disorder. Prior to functional imaging, subjects underwent pre-screening to ensure that all subjects showed a vocal response to the pitch-shift paradigm (Change in baseline of pitch magnitude in the upward or downward direction following a pitch shift). This has been standard practice for over a decade of testing and less than five percent of subjects do not show a response. No subjects were eliminated due to this criterion for our experiment.