In the common form, there was no difference

between the two, while in the pure form, Japanese cases were usually of young onset with parkinsonism as the chief symptom and Euro-American cases were of older onset with progressive dementia as the chief symptom, similar to the common form. Around that time, the term “senile dementia of Lewy body type” was proposed by Perry et al.,13 and the term “Lewy body variant of Alzheimer’s disease by Hansen et al.14 in 1990. In 1995, the first International Hydroxychloroquine cell line Workshop7 was held in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Then, the term “dementia with Lewy bodies” (DLB) was proposed, and the clinical and pathological diagnostic criteria (Consortium on Dementia with Lewey Bodies guidelines)8 were published in Neurology in 1996. In 1996, we proposed the cerebral type of Lewy body disease,15 in which progressive dementia without parkinsonism was the main symptom, and cortical Lewy bodies were marked in the cerebral cortex, but only rare Lewy bodies were present in the brain stem. The presence of the cerebral type means that Lewy bodies could occur first in the cerebral cortex and later develop in the brain stem. As above-mentioned,

we proposed the term Lewy body disease in 1980,11 and since then, we have insisted that DLB(D), PD, and Parkinson’s disease with dementia Copanlisib cost (PDD) should be understood within the spectrum of Lewy body disease.16 This insistence has been recently accepted by the International Workshop and the International Working Group on DLB and PDD in 200517 and in 2006,18 respectively. In 1997, two very important findings

were reported. Polymeropoulas et al.19 reported the mutation of the alpha-synuclein gene in familial PD, and Spillantini et al.20 reported alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Since then, alpha-synuclein has received attention in neuropathological and molecular biological studies. Our alpha-synuclein immunohistochemical examination of materials from the first DLBD case disclosed much more marked Lewy pathology in the cerebral cortex than we had expected. Only this Lewy pathology could explain the profound dementia in this case. In addition, only this case also had both PD and AD. Therefore, the case is now diagnosed as having a common form9 (especially AD form10) of DLB(D). The authors thank Mrs Chie Haga, and Dr Haruhiko Akiyama, Tokyo Institute of Pschiatry for technical assistance. “
“Heterozygous LIS1 mutations are the most common cause of human lissencephaly, a human neuronal migration defect, and DCX mutations are the most common cause of X-linked lissencephaly. Lissencephaly is characterized by a smooth cerebral surface, thick cortex and dilated lateral ventricles associated with mental retardation and seizures due to defective neuronal migration. Lissencephaly due to the heterozygous loss of the gene LIS1 is a good example of a haploinsufficiency disorder.