Longer clinical trials will help advance understanding of the full impact of RNC cigarettes in this population. Consumer Perception and Response Consumer selleck chem Nilotinib attitudes, beliefs, and affective reactions toward a product will affect their behavioral responses to the product (Rees et al., 2009). Factors that contribute to consumer perception and use of a product include the product itself and its price, promotion, and placement. Therefore, examining RNC cigarettes must involve not only the assessment of the product, but also consumer responses to what is said about the product, how much it costs relative to other products, the marketing messages, claims, and labels associated with the product and its accessibility. These responses will also be affected by the availability and knowledge of other tobacco products and medicinal nicotine.

For example, a recent survey showed a high level of support for decreasing levels of nicotine in cigarettes if nicotine was made easily available in non-cigarette forms (Fix et al., 2011). The best approach for this area of research would include both laboratory and survey studies that involve assessing experience with the product and manipulating how the product is priced, packaged, labeled, and promoted. Subjective measures would include expectancies regarding the product, affective responses to the product, subjective responses to the product, and amount of money they are willing to pay for the product. Potential successful outcomes could include increased desire to quit and decreased desire to initiate smoking.

These outcomes will depend on how consumers perceive the benefits of reducing nicotine in cigarettes to themselves and public health. Other Constituents and Design Features The initial primary target for reducing the addictiveness of a tobacco product is reducing nicotine exposure. Nevertheless, other factors that may contribute to the addiction potential of tobacco products should be considered. First, the magnitude of nicotine��s effects is related to dose and AV-951 speed of absorption, which are controlled by the product��s formulation (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). For example, physical design (e.g., filter ventilation, filter efficiency) and modulators of pH (e.g., addition of ammonia) can increase the unionized nicotine to total nicotine ratio, which could contribute to product addictiveness. Second, other chemicals may function alone or interact with nicotine to alter the addictive properties of smoking. Finally, other compounds may modulate the sensory effects of smoke. Examples of constituents and design features that could be studied are described in Table 2. Table 2.