Of the 12 pts with malignant appearing strictures on BAC, subsequent histology changed the final diagnosis to benign in 3. The diagnosis of all 20 pts with benign appearing lesions Neratinib ic50 at BAC was confirmed on histology and follow up (median 56 (0-702) d). Indeterminate masses were successfully characterised in 7 patients; 4 benign and 3 malignant from appearance and histology. Intraductal extension of ampullary adenomas was confirmed in 4 of 8 pts. Therapeutic interventions included removal of stones, holmium laser lithotripsy and APC

of ampullary adenomas. Biopsies were attempted in 38 pts and were unsuccessful in 4 pts and tissue was inadequate for histopathology in a another 4 cases. From 74 procedures, one major complication occurred; a self-limiting cardiac arrhythmia, possibly from air embolism. There was no embolism with CO2 insufflation. Other complications included cholangitis (4) and pancreatitis (1). In a largely non-Asian cohort with smaller bile ducts: 1) BAC can be performed with high technical success and acceptable complication rates; 2) BAC and biopsy are particularly VE 821 useful in differentiating benign from malignant indeterminate biliary strictures

and masses. Procedure data “
“This is an overview on safety, complications, and success rate of direct retrograde cholangioscopy (DRC) by use of an Ultra-slim Endoscope. A retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent DRC in three tertiary endoscopic centers was designed to identify safety and

success of DRC. Ultra-slim endoscopes (FujiFilm EG 530NP; Olympus GIF XP180; GIF N180) were used by the transnasal or peroral route. Entering the papilla was defined as partial success if the intended lesion could not be reached by the endoscope (complete success). In all patients, endoscopic sphincterotomy had previously been performed. An anchoring balloon catheter was used to facilitate DRC. DRC was performed Exoribonuclease in 103 cases (97 patients) with use of CO2 insufflation (95%). Partial technical success was 90% (93/103), complete success was 85% (88/103). Biopsies were taken in 50% of patients (51/103). Interventions are depicted in table 1. Complications occurred in 7 cases (7%), including fever (n=1), bleeding (n=1), bradyarrhythmia (n=1), air embolism (n=1), hypoxia (n=1) and minor perforation of an intrahepatic bile duct (n=2, Fig. 1), all were managed conservatively. In one case, perforation of the extrahepatic bile duct at the site of an incarcerated stone was surgically treated. There was no mortality associated to DRC. DRC is feasible at a high rate of intended interventions (90%) and with a low complication rate (7%).