Other recently published articles seemed to have encountered similar problems with their Cfr9I PFGE [18, 25]. The results indicated that lysis of ST398 isolates and digestion with restriction enzyme Cfr9I is more cumbersome than lysis of typeable MRSA and digestion with SmaI [29]. After modifying the protocol, banding patterns of similar quality as A1155463 those of typeable MRSA isolates digested with SmaI were obtained. All previously non-typeable MRSA isolates can be typed with the optimized PFGE method providing a new opportunity to differentiate the ST398 clonal lineage. From April 2002 until January 2008, all MRSA isolates sent to the RIVM have been typed with PFGE using SmaI as restriction enzyme

creating a database with more than 4000 isolates with over 700 different PFGE types. Since Cfr9I recognizes the same restriction site as SmaI, Cfr9I enables analysis and comparison of the patterns with other profiles in our database. No comparison was found when comparing banding patterns of NT SmaI -MRSA with known PFGE patterns, suggesting that SmaI restriction modification is confined to a defined clonal https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd5363.html lineage. Recently, ST398 isolates were typed using amplified fragment length polymorphism

(AFLP). These data also suggested that ST398 is a distinct cluster recently introduced into the Dutch patient population [30]. The PFGE patterns of the two most prevalent spa-types (t011 and t108) within the NT SmaI -MRSA isolates AP26113 concentration showed more variation than spa-typing or MLST. The genetic diversity within the ST398 clonal lineage of MRSA sharing the same spa-type creates an opportunity for improved investigation of outbreak and potential transmission events. Spa-typing, which is currently used as a MRSA typing standard, cannot differentiate these isolates further. Using Cfr9I PFGE, spa-type t011

seemed to be more diverse than t108. Although the minimal similarity of the t108 isolates was 50%, this was mainly caused by a single isolate with a very distinct PFGE pattern (pattern H). Without this isolate the minimal similarity of the t108 isolates was 80%. The t011 isolates showed a minimal similarity of 64% (data not MTMR9 shown). SCCmec typing showed an almost equal distribution between SCCmec type IV (n = 14) and V (n = 16) for t011 isolates, whereas all t108 isolates carried SCCmec type V or a SCCmec type V variant. Huijsdens and colleagues performed SCCmec typing on 300 NT SmaI -MRSA isolates and they showed similar results [23]. This variation in SCCmec types may also indicates a higher diversity among t011 MRSA isolates compared to t108 isolates. The minimal similarity of the Cfr9I PFGE patterns among ST398 isolates was 35% and showed variation within spa-types, but the diversity within this lineage is still limited. Furthermore, one isolate with spa-type t108 yielded a very distinct PFGE pattern which causes the similarity to be 35% (figure 1).