parvum infection (17,32). Recently cloned from C. parvum, P2 is one of the three acidic ribosomal proteins, including P0 and P1. These P proteins are potential vaccine targets owing to their expected surface localization and immunogenicity (19,24). The P2 antigen specifically is reactive with ∼70% of sera from adults in highly endemic countries. Strong anti-P2 antibody responses were observed in serum samples from Cryptosporidium-infected Haitian individuals that were also antibody positive for the Cp23 antigen (19). A strong and persistent cell-mediated PS-341 in vivo response is important in response and resistance to Cryptosporidium and depends,

in part, on the initial encounter between the parasite/parasitic antigens and antigen-presenting cells such as DCs. Therefore, the ability of parasite antigen to induce dendritic cells should correlate with a strong cellular response. Previously, it has been reported that Cp23 and Cp40 recombinant antigens induce a strong cellular T-cell response in mice and humans (33–35). Hence, these antigens should stimulate

DCs to produce significant levels of IL-12p70. Recombinant Cp17 did not stimulate significant cellular immune response in one study in mice (34) but Selleck Crizotinib does elicit strong antibody responses, whereas the P2 antigen induces moderate levels of cellular immune responses (24). That recombinant Cp17 and P2 antigens induce modest cellular immune responses may be reflected by the ability of these antigens to activate mouse DC to produce IL-12p70 or that native antigen is necessary to induce a more optimal dendritic cell response. One human sample in the present study demonstrated significant IL-12p70 expression in response to P2, and no significant response was observed to Cp17. As noted, solubilized antigens stimulated

large amounts of IL-12p70 expression compared to excysted sporozoites in mouse BMDCs. Differences in spatial configuration, glycosylation, Adenosine triphosphate DNA content or concentrations needed for induction may have contributed to observed differences in response. Barakat et al. (10) showed that IFN-α/β expression was detectable at sporozoite-to-DC exposure ratios higher than tested in our trials. The downstream pathway involved in the induction of immune effects by parasite proteins in the DCs appears, in part, to be mediated through TLR signalling, via the adaptor protein MyD88. However, it is unclear which specific TLR binds to the peptides, possibly by activating NF-kB signalling cascade (36). In murine toxoplasmosis, splenic DCs from MyD88−/− mice display severely impaired T. gondii-induced IL-12 responses, which, in turn, was required for promoting IFN-γ production by NK cells and subsequent activation of inflammatory monocytes and macrophages to allow them to kill the parasites (37). This is reflected in a marked reduction in serum IL-12 levels in infected MyD88 knockout animals (38).