Release of the payload can be triggered by various mechanisms, depending on the linker chemistry. CDP polymers have been used in combination with ester linkages, such as glycine or triglycine, as well as disulfide linkers. While ester linkers are cleaved through pH-dependent and enzymatic hydrolysis, disulfide linkers are

cleaved in response to a change in redox potential upon intracellular uptake of the nanoparticle. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that CDP nanoparticles are taken up by various cell types, including tumor cells and cells of the immune system [4, 7, 11]. Intracellular uptake and release are also directly correlated to the in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical vitro potency of the conjugate. In the case of CRLX101, the in vitro potency was found to be between one-half to one-tenth the potency of the unconjugated CPT in a 48-hour MTS assay [12]. In contrast, the in vitro potency for the disulfide-conjugated tubulysin nanoparticle was similar to that for the free drug in a 48-hour assay, consistent with a more rapid release after intracellular Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical uptake [5]. The time dependence of in vitro potency was

studied more extensively in the case of the ester-linked methylprednisolone nanoparticle, for which the potency of the nanoparticle at 5 days in a lymphocyte proliferation assay was higher than that of free drug [6]. In the same assay, the free drug was more potent at 3 days, consistent Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with the slow release of active drug from the nanoparticle over time. 2. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cyclosert-Based Nanoparticle Drugs The ability Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of nanoparticles to dramatically change the pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution of drugs on both a macroscopic level (i.e., whole organ) and a microscopic (i.e., cellular) level is key to achieving the desired improvements in pharmacodynamics (PD) and, ultimately, therapeutic index. Plasma PK after intravenous injection was extensively

studied for CRLX101 by traditional HPLC assays in rats [13] and by micro-PET/CT in mice Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical using 64Cu-labeled nanoparticles [7]. The nanoparticle PK is characterized by a low volume of distribution approximately equal to the total blood volume and long terminal half-life of 13 to 20 hours in mice and rats, respectively. This result indicates that the nanoparticles are able Cytidine deaminase to avoid first-pass kidney clearance, which is commonly observed for drugs with hydrodynamic diameters below 10nm [14]. This was in contrast to the PK of CPT alone, which showed a high volume of distribution and short terminal half-life of 1.3 hours. After intravenous selleck chemical administration, CDP nanoparticles therefore form a circulating reservoir of active drug that is subsequently distributed to multiple organs. Consistently, tumor tissue showed high drug concentrations 24 to 48 hours after injection of nanoparticles. Other tissues with high drug concentrations were liver, spleen, and kidney, while most other organs showed low concentrations.