Second, in many behavioral paradigms (especially aversive conditioning tasks), arousal is likely to be much larger during original learning than during the reminder, especially if the reminder is the CS alone. Since arousal plays a major role in consolidation (McGaugh, 2000), dissociations between consolidation and reconsolidation are expected. Third, given large differences in the duration of the consolidation period observed across paradigms (Milner et al., 1998), there is reason to expect differences in the durations of consolidation and reconsolidation even for the same memories. Fourth, there is a large literature,

described above, suggesting that different brain areas or networks

may support highly novel memories versus retrieval Sirolimus in vitro from well-integrated networks. These conditions may work in combination to underlie differences in the susceptibility of newly formed versus recently retrieved memories. Taken together, the findings on blockade of reconsolidation following molecular interventions, hippocampal lesions, and interference has led several to suggest that reconsolidation normally involves an “updating” of memories (Lewis, 1979, Sara, 2010, Morris et al., 2006, Lee, 2009, Lee, 2010 and Dudai and Eisenberg, 2004). It has been suggested Osimertinib price that updating can occur via two mechanisms, a destabilization of existing memory traces and modification of the contents of the original memory to add new related material (Lee

et al., 2008; Lee, 2010). Common among these views is the idea that reconsolidation is the mechanism by which initially consolidated memories are changed with new learning. We take a different view and propose that even initial consolidation occurs through a reorganization of pre-existing memories. Thus, while there is still much to be discovered about the mechanisms of consolidation and reconsolidation, we suggest that it would be valuable to consider that reconsolidation = consolidation. Dudai and Eisenberg (2004) adopted a very similar hypothesis, suggesting that reconsolidation isothipendyl is a manifestation of a “lingering” consolidation process. Here we take this idea one step further and suggest that reconsolidation is the neverending consolidation process. When we refer to consolidation, we cannot consider new learning to occur in a tabula rasa. Rather, the consolidation of new learning, the first life of a memory, is a reorganization (and therefore a “re”-consolidation) of the existing schema. Correspondingly, after the new learning has been consolidated into the existing schema, reminders and new related experiences normally constitute memories that must be consolidated by further reorganization of the current relevant schema.