Standards were prepared using these primers and the PCR products were gel eluted using Gene Elute Gel Extraction Kit

(Sigma-aldrich, St Louis USA). The gel eluted products were quantitated using nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (JH Bio innovations, Hyderabad India) and serial dilutions were made as standards. Efficiency of PCR was calculated using the equation E = 10-1/slope – 1 where, E is efficiency of PCR, mass of genome was calculated using the equation M = (n) – 1.Poziotinib ic50 096e-21 g/bp where M is mass MLN4924 of genome and n is the PCR product size. The normalization was done by dividing the copy numbers of each bacterial genus with total bacteria p38 MAP Kinase pathway copy number. The Firmicutes /Bacteroidetes ratio

was calculated by dividing the normalized copy numbers of Lactobacillus group + Clostridium coccoides-Eubacteria rectale group by the copy number of Bacteroides-Prevotella group [18]. Results Biochemical and molecular characteristics of the human fecal isolates Total 22 strict anaerobic bacteria isolates were obtained from human fecal samples from three healthy volunteers. These bacterial

isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Different bacterial species were isolated from different aged individuals with infant showing the least diversity (only two species were isolated) with 4 isolates being Parabacteroides distasonis and 1 isolate being Bifidobacterium adolscentis. The isolates from Depsipeptide chemical structure samples S1 and S3 belonged to genus Bacteriodes, Clostridium, Parabacteroides; while Megasphaera elsdenii was isolated from S3 only (age56).This suggests that there is difference in culturable anaerobic bacteria diversity with age within individuals in a family. None of the isolate showed 100% sequence similarity with the known sequences in database, with 27% (6 out of 22) of the isolates showing 97% or less similarity to the type strains suggesting that they are novel species. These potential novel isolates were closely related to 6 different bacterial species belonging to 5 different genera (Table  2), suggesting a high diversity of novel bacterial species.