The bacterial suspension was incubated with 400 nM diS-C3-(5). ASABF-α was added to the bacterial suspension after the dye uptake was maximal. The maximal increase in fluorescence due to disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane
was recorded. Acknowledgements This work was partly supported by research fellowships of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists (to SU). References 1. Brogden KA: Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria? Nat Rev Microbiol 2005, 3:238–250.PubMedCrossRef 2. 21 CFR Ch.I (4–1-03 Edition) Food and Drug Administration, HHS.§184.1538 2003. 3. Landman D, Georgescu C, Martin DA, Quale J: Polymyxins revisited. Enzalutamide purchase Clin Microbiol Rev 2008, 21:449–465.PubMedCrossRef 4. Hancock REW, Sahl HG: Antimicrobial and host-defense peptides as new anti-infective therapeutic strategies. Nat Biotechnol 2006, 24:1151–1157.CrossRef 5. Subbalakshimi C, Sitaram N: Mechanism of antimicrobial action of indolicidin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998, 160:91–96.CrossRef 6. Giacometti NVP-LDE225 price A, Cirioni
O, Riva A, Kamysz W, Silvestri C, Nadolski P, Della Vittoria A, Łkasiak J, Scalise G: In vitro activity of aurein 1.2 alone and in combination with antibiotics against gram-positive nosocomial cocci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51:1494–1496.PubMedCrossRef 7. Westerhoff HV, Zasloff M, Rosner JL, Hendler W, De Waal A, Vaz Gomes A, Jongsma PM, Riethorst A, Juretić D: Functional synergism of the magainins PGLa and magainin-2 in Escherichia coli , tumor cells and liposomes. isometheptene Eur J Biochem 1995, 228:257–264.PubMedCrossRef 8. Mor A, Hani K, Nicolas P: The vertebrate peptide antibiotics dermaseptins have overlapping structural features but target specific microorganisms. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:31635–31641.PubMed 9. Rosenfeld Y, Barra D, Simmaco M, Shai Y, Mangoni ML: A synergism between temporins toward Gram-negative bacteria overcomes resistance imposed by the lipopolysaccharide protective layer. J
Biol Chem 2006, 281:28565–28574.PubMedCrossRef 10. Nagaoka I, Hirota S, Yomogida S, Ohwada A, Hirata M: Synergistic actions of antibacterial neutrophil defensins and cathelicidins. Inflamm Res 2000, 49:73–79.PubMedCrossRef 11. Levy O, Ooi CE, Weiss J, Lehrer RL, Elsbach P: Individual and synergistic effects of rabbit granulocyte proteins on Escherichia coli . J Clin Investig 1994, 94:672–682.PubMedCrossRef 12. Lauth X, Babon JJ, Stannard JA, Singh S, Nizet V, Carlberg JM, Ostland VE, Pennington MW, Norton RS, Westerman ME: Bass hepcidin synthesis, solution structure, antimicrobial activities and synergism, and in vivo hepatic response to bacterial infections. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:9272–9282.PubMedCrossRef 13. Gueguen Y, Romestand B, Fievet J, Schmitt P, Destoumieux-Garzón D, Vandenbulcke F, Bulet P, Bachère E: Oyster hemocytes express a proline-rich peptide displaying synergistic antimicrobial activity with a defensin. Mol Immunol 2009, 46:516–522.