The mechanism of action by which nTregs so effectively inhibit the proliferation of CD4+ T cells is by producing regulatory cytokines. The findings of the study revealed that streptococcal M protein has the ability to activate the proliferation of both CD4+ T cells and nTreg cells to various degrees. Previous studies observed that M protein-specific

T-cell clones generated from peripheral Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical blood of patients with chronic RHD and healthy individuals were cross-reactive with heart proteins. As a result of activation, CD4+ T cells begin to secrete cytokines. Also, the results showed that the isolation and culturing of nTregs from human peripheral blood were able to totally inhibit cytokine secretion when co-cultured with CD4+ T cells. The immunoflourescence staining of CD4+CD25+ nTreg cells showed significant increases in the number of such cells when cultured with M protein activated CD4+ T cells. Patients with RHD may have a higher Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical number of precursors of heart-reactive T cells or a pool of memory T cells capable of recognizing specific heart autoantigens. This pool may further be expanded following re-exposure Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to streptococcal antigens. The link between the necessary stimulation with streptococcal M protein and the development of T cells with the capacity to kill myocardial

cell lines has been reported.13,14 In addition, it has been demonstrated that after exposure to different M protein, generated T cell lines recognize heart proteins.11-15 The findings of the resent study may raise the possibility that more than Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical one antigen of group A streptococcus (GAS) and/or more than one cross-reactive heart autoantigen is involved in the pathogenesis of RHD.16 Therefore, further studies examining cellular and humoral immune responses Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in patients with RHD to specific heart

proteins before and after stimulation with specific antigens derived from rheumatogenic strains of GAS Anacetrapib will undoubtedly shed light on the mechanism of pathogenesis of the disease. This study displayed that there was very little or no secretion of IL-4 from CD4+ T cells, and that the low IL-4 secretion was related to low suppressive activity of nTregs. Therefore, any reduction in the production of this cytokine may affect the suppressive function of nTregs against CD4+ T cells leading to more damage to the heart especially the mitral valve. This appeared visible in the significant correlation between positive/negative IL-4 cells and the extent of histopathological abnormalities (odds ratio=4.5, data are not shown). Other studies also selleck bio suggest that the anti-inflammatory function of IL-4 could partly be mediated by its effects on nTregs function.