The phytic

acid concentration decreased (Fig. 2A) and the inorganic phosphorus percentage increased (Fig. 2B) in function of the incubation time, thus resulting in a negative correlation (r = 0.84). The degradation of this acid with phosphorus liberation in the medium was accompanied by phytase activity during incubation time ( Fig. 2C). Ullah and Phillippy (1994) showed that phytic acid degradation by phytase can be monitored by changes in the inositol or inorganic phosphate concentrations liberated in the culture medium. The activity of this enzyme caused a 95% decrease of phytic acid in the substrates ( Fig. 2A and C). A high degradation rate of this antinutritional factor by microbial phytase was also observed in culture medium find more containing rapeseed meal that has phytic acid content between 2 to 4 g/100 g of the dry mass ( El-Batal & Karem, 2001). Akt inhibitor The presence of this enzyme was also observed in Aspergillus sp. ( Ullah & Phillippy, 1994), Agaricus sp., Lentinula sp. and Pleurotus sp. ( Collopy & Royse, 2004). Thus, P. ostreatus degrades the phytic acid that is present in jatropha seed cake and increases the potential to use this residue in animal feed. Phytase is added to animal feed to increase the mineral bioavailability, e.g. phosphorus, calcium, zinc and iron ( Liang et al., 2009). Therefore,

phytase production by P. ostreatus in J. curcas seed cake could make it usable in animal feed. Thus, these results show the importance of the biological treatment to degrade the toxic compound and antinutritional

factors (Figs. 1 and 2) found jatropha seed cake for animal feed. The reduction of 99% selleck chemical de phorbol ester was show by the treatment of the jatropha seed cake with P. ostreatus for 60 d ( Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012). Pereira (2011) observed that goats fed during 60 d with different percentage of those substrates (Sc, ScEs, ScEb and ScCh) colonized by P. ostreatus increased dry matter intake and weight, without any clinical symptom of intoxication. The author concluded that jatropha seed cake colonized by P. ostreatus can be used with safely in up to 20% of dry matter in the diet of goats. The P. ostreatus mushroom production in each substrate was observed after 30, 45 and 60 days of incubation. Biological efficiency was influenced by substrate composition and incubation time ( Fig. 3). These influences were also observed in P. ostreatus cultivated in coffee husk ( de Assunção et al., 2012; Silva et al., 2012) and in different agroindustrial residues ( Nunes et al., 2012). The EB was greater in the substrates with addition of agroindustrial residues than in the pure jatropha seed cake (Fig. 3). This data show the importance of the addition of those residues in the jatropha seed cake to balance the carbon and nitrogen ratio that increase the bioconversion of the substrate in mushrooms (Fig. 3).