The studied range of energy covers the absorption of

the two bright pi pi* excitations, S-1 and S-3, and the almost dark S-2 (pi sigma*) state. The employed probe wavelengths permit to identify different ultrafast time constants related with the coupling of the involved electronic surfaces. A selleck kinase inhibitor tau(1) = 165 +/- 30 fs lifetime is attributed to dynamics along the S-2 (pi sigma*) repulsive surface. Other relaxation channels as the S-1 -> S-0 and S-3 -> S-1 internal conversion are also identified and characterized. The work provides a general view of the photophysics of aniline, particularly regarding the role of the pi sigma* state. This state appears as minor dissipation process due to the ineffective coupling with the bright S-1 and S-3 states, being the S-1 -> S-0 internal conversion the main non-radiative process in the

full studied energy range. Additionally, the influence of the off-resonance adiabatic excitation of higher energy electronic states, particularly S-3, is also observed and discussed. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3615544]“
“Previous studies have shown that electrodialytic (ED) desalination can be effective in separating boric acid from salts, and a model for the transport of boric acid during ED desalination has been proposed.\n\nIn CH5424802 purchase this study, the influence of D-mannitol on the effectiveness of boric acid transport during ED desalination of aqueous solutions was investigated. The experimental results of periodic desalination were compared with results predicted from a previously proposed model of boric acid mass transport. Both the concentrate and the electrode rinse solution contained lower than predicted amounts BIX 01294 Epigenetics inhibitor of boric acid, especially at high diluate boric acid concentration. This difference was shown to be due to the reaction between monoborate and D-mannitol, which resulted in the formation of mono- and dichelate complexes and therefore significantly reduced the equilibrium concentration of boric acid in the diluate. This phenomenon was observed despite the low pH of the diluate. The equilibrium concentration of boric acid

in the diluate was calculated using the model for chemical equilibrium. The results were then analyzed with the model for boric acid transport. A good agreement between the predicted and the measurements results was found. The combined model was therefore shown to be accurate in predicting the effectiveness of boric acid transport during ED desalination of mixtures of boric acid and D-mannitol. The effect of D-mannitol was such that it reduced the equilibrium concentration of boric acid in the diluate. This, in turn, reduced the boric acid flux across the membrane. The extent of the above reduction in boron flux can be predicted based on the combined model provided in this work. No evidence of borate complexes and D-mannitol transport across IEMs was observed.