The VNS is an accepted therapeutic option for patients with refractory partial epilepsy. There are, however, limited data regarding efficacy in any specific group of patients with epilepsy.
Methods: This is a retrospective review of patients with epilepsy on VNS therapy initiated between January 2000 and December 2007 at a university medical center. Information collected included demographics, epilepsy type and duration, antiepileptic drug usage, stimulation parameters, and seizure frequency at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after VNS therapy initiation. Seizure frequency at different follow-up intervals was compared with baseline frequency. Patients were stratified into three subsets
based on VNS response. Relationships between VNS response and factors including demographics, location of seizure focus, type or duration of epilepsy, and VNS settings were Selleck Emricasan examined as a whole as well as in subsets.
Results: Fifty-four patients were implanted with VNSs over a period of 7 years. Four patients were excluded. A total of 50 patients (31 men, 19 women) with mean age 39 years and on VNS therapy were included
in this study. Average duration of VNS therapy was 4.5 years. Baseline average frequency was 10 seizures per month. Significant decreases in median seizure frequency were noted at 3 months (P<0.001), 6 months (P<0.001), 1 year (P = 0.004), 2 years (P<0.001), and 3 years (P<0.0001). Seventy-two percent of the patients reported a decrease in seizure
frequency within the first 3 months, which increased to 80% by the end of 3 years. Overall, the percentage reduction in seizure frequency AZD2014 datasheet was 64% at 3 months and increased to 86% at the end of 3 years. In the subset of patients who responded to VNSs, reduction in seizure frequency improved from 80 to 89% by the end of 3 years. There were no correlations between seizure frequency and specific VNS settings, epileptic focus, or duration or type of epilepsy, in the group as a whole or in its subsets. Data suggest a favorable VNS response in patients with higher baseline {Selleck Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleck Antidiabetic Compound Library|Selleck Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleck Antidiabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Antidiabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|buy Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library ic50|Anti-diabetic Compound Library price|Anti-diabetic Compound Library cost|Anti-diabetic Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-diabetic Compound Library purchase|Anti-diabetic Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-diabetic Compound Library research buy|Anti-diabetic Compound Library order|Anti-diabetic Compound Library mouse|Anti-diabetic Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-diabetic Compound Library mw|Anti-diabetic Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-diabetic Compound Library datasheet|Anti-diabetic Compound Library supplier|Anti-diabetic Compound Library in vitro|Anti-diabetic Compound Library cell line|Anti-diabetic Compound Library concentration|Anti-diabetic Compound Library nmr|Anti-diabetic Compound Library in vivo|Anti-diabetic Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-diabetic Compound Library cell assay|Anti-diabetic Compound Library screening|Anti-diabetic Compound Library high throughput|buy Antidiabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library ic50|Antidiabetic Compound Library price|Antidiabetic Compound Library cost|Antidiabetic Compound Library solubility dmso|Antidiabetic Compound Library purchase|Antidiabetic Compound Library manufacturer|Antidiabetic Compound Library research buy|Antidiabetic Compound Library order|Antidiabetic Compound Library chemical structure|Antidiabetic Compound Library datasheet|Antidiabetic Compound Library supplier|Antidiabetic Compound Library in vitro|Antidiabetic Compound Library cell line|Antidiabetic Compound Library concentration|Antidiabetic Compound Library clinical trial|Antidiabetic Compound Library cell assay|Antidiabetic Compound Library screening|Antidiabetic Compound Library high throughput|Anti-diabetic Compound high throughput screening| seizure frequency.
Conclusions: Significant reductions in seizure frequency were noted with VNS therapy over a 3-year follow-up period with a possible cumulative effect. Lateralization or localization of epileptic focus or epilepsy subtype did not correlate with response to VNSs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“In an end-Hall source, an ion beam is extracted from a magnetized plasma and accelerated by the plasma electric field without grids. The principle of end-Hall sources is similar to that of Hall effect thrusters (or closed-drift thrusters), but their design is optimized for processing applications (ion beam assisted deposition or substrate cleaning) rather than propulsion. The beam divergence is larger in end-Hall ion sources, and these sources can operate at low ion energies.