These findings provide neuropathological evidence for rodents with chronic injection of D-galactose as a promising model for brain aging and age-related neurodegeneration. NeuroReport 19:1611-1615 (C) 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Duggleby [Duggleby, R.G.,

1979. Experimental designs for estimating kinetic parameters for enzyme-catalyzed reactions. J. Theor. Biol. 81, 672-684] discussed the “”design PSI-7977 ic50 of several replicate measurements of the velocity at as many experimental conditions as there are parameters to be estimated.”" He discussed the application of this method to A -> products, without and with competitive inhibition, and commented briefly on A+B -> products. The availability of computer applications that can solve large sets of simultaneous equations makes it possible to use this method to calculate kinetic parameters for more complicated enzyme mechanisms. This article is concerned with rapid-equilibrium rate equations, but this method can also be used with steady-state rate equations. Computer programs are provided for the calculation

of the three kinetic parameters for ordered A+B -> products from three velocity measurements and for the calculation of the four kinetic parameters for random A+B -> products from four velocity measurements. Computer programs are also provided for competitive inhibition, uncompetitive inhibition, ISRIB and mixed inhibition of ordered A+B -> products. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“It has been demonstrated that retinal Mueller cells, the predominant Interleukin-2 receptor glial cells, produce neurotrophic factors including

basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), and that electrical stimulation enhances the transcription of FGF-2 in the central nervous system. In this study, the effect of electrical stimulation on the induction of FGF-2 in cultured rat Mueller cells was investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Both the messenger RNA and protein of FGF-2 were significantly upregulated after electrical stimulation compared with that of controls. These results suggest that electrical stimulation may directly induce the production of FGF-2 in the retina. NeuroReport 19:1617-1621 (C) 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health I Lippincott | Williams & Wilkins.”
“The vomeronasal system is segregated from the epithelium to the bulb.Two classes of receptor neurons are apically and basally placed in the vomeronasal epithelium, express G(i2 alpha), and G(alpha x) proteins and VIR and V2R receptors and project to the anterior and posterior portions of the accessory olfactory bulb, respectively. Apart from common vomeronasal recipient structures in the amygdala, only the anterior accessory olfactory bulb projects to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and only the posterior accessory olfactory bulb projects to the dorsal anterior amygdala.