This therapy commonly results in successful improvements

in the inflammatory process of periodontal tissue; however, it only induces the unstable healthy condition of destroyed periodontal tissue in case of progressive periodontitis even after a successful result. The recovered healthy condition of destroyed tissue is easily broken by the reaccumulation of bacteria surrounding the teeth, leading to the recurrence of periodontitis. In the United States, a recent national Osimertinib chemical structure survey (2009–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHANES) revealed that an estimated 47.2% or 64.7 million adults aged 30 and over suffered from periodontitis, and prevalence rates increased to 70.1% in adults 65 and older [2]. The prevalence

rates of periodontal diseases in Japan are also similar, indicating that periodontal diseases are one of the most common infectious diseases in the world. Furthermore, recent clinical research has indicated the close and bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and systemic disorders, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndromes. Thus, it is important to reestablish Natural Product Library the stable health of periodontal tissues after healing, as well as prevent periodontal diseases to maintain both systemic and oral health. Why is periodontitis at high risk of recurrence? There are two major reasons: easily occurring bacterial re-accumulation and the formation of a long junctional epithelium

(periodontal repair) after surgical/non-surgical procedures. Lindhe et al. [3] investigated the long-term effects of surgical/non-surgical treatment over a 5-year period, and concluded that the patient’s self-plaque control, but not treatment modality, was the critical determinant of a good prognosis in periodontal therapy. Both of the procedures induced healing with a long junctional epithelium that was easily broken by recurrent inflammation due to plaque accumulation [4]. To obtain Palmatine good stability and predictability after therapy, periodontal regeneration of destroyed tissue, which is characterized by de novo formation of cementum, a functionally organized PDL, alveolar bone, and gingiva, is desirable. Clinical research has extensively shown that regeneration remains the favorable outcome over periodontal repair [5] and [6]. The desire to induce the complete regeneration of periodontal tissue has inspired the introduction of tissue engineering technology into dental clinics [7] and [8]. Tissue engineering is defined as a multi-disciplinary field of medicine, chemistry, physics, engineering, and biology [9]. The triad for conventional cell-based tissue engineering involves cells, signaling molecules, and scaffold/supporting matrices [10].