Thus, non-synchronized neuronal activity within the first 80 ms

may also induce competition among local neuronal networks, which culminates in synchronization of inhibitory networks specific for the target. Amplitude of P1–N1 difference or alpha amplitude may be an indicator of the magnitude of synchronization. Increase in alpha activity either increase signal to noise ratio and allows processing of relevant information (contralateral hemisphere) or suppression of irrelevant information (ipsilateral hemisphere) ( Klimesch et al., 2007 and Klimesch, 2012). At the single cell level, estradiol increases, but progesterone decreases neuronal excitability (Majewska et al., 1986, Wong and Moss, 1992, Spencer et al., 2008 and Finocchi and Ferrari, 2011). Enzalutamide chemical structure As progesterone and its metabolites affects inhibitory, GABAergic synapses, fluctuations of endogenous progesterone during menstrual

cycle might affect synchronization of inhibitory networks. In the present study, we find that women with fast RTs show higher progesterone level compared to women with slow RTs. Further, progesterone correlates positively with alpha P1–N1 amplitude difference. Thus, assuming that alpha oscillations are inhibitory at the physiological level, an increase in progesterone may enhance inhibition via fine tuning rhythmic synchronization of neural networks leading to improvements in cognitive processing. Critically, the inhibition selleck compound model of alpha oscillations predicts that an increase in functional inhibition causes an increase in alpha amplitude. An increase in alpha amplitude, specifically in P1–N1 difference, may increase signal to noise ratio as well as tonic inhibition of networks processing irrelevant information (Klimesch et al., 2007). Both mechanisms improve cognitive processing. We summarize our results in a progesterone-dependent

alpha-inhibition model. This model combines the “inhibition model” (Klimesch, 2011) with the physiological consequences of progesterone on neuronal excitability ADP ribosylation factor as well as on alpha oscillations. The progesterone-dependent alpha-inhibition model predicts in our cued spatial attention paradigm that an increase in progesterone is associated with (1) tonic mutual inhibition of ipsilateral cerebral hemispheres illustrated by a larger alpha P1–N1 amplitude difference in the ipsilateral hemisphere and (2) increase in signal to noise ratio in the contralateral hemisphere via enhancing GABAergic synaptic transmission visualized by larger alpha P1–N1 amplitude difference in women high in performance compared to women low in performance. Cerebral hemispheres are mutual inhibitory (Innocenti, 2009 and Bocci et al., 2014). Accordingly, in top down controlled attention tasks, neural equivalent of expectancy of a target may include a cue-induced increase in excitability in the contralateral, but an increase in inhibition in ipsilateral hemisphere.