We address the fundamental issue of how these cells work by applying a scanning electron microscopy-based technique to cell cross-sections. By mapping the variation Stem Cell Compound Library in efficiency of charge separation and collection
in the cross-sections, we show the presence of two prime high efficiency locations, one at/near the absorber/hole-blocking-layer, and the second at/near the absorber/electron-blocking-layer interfaces, with the former more pronounced. This ‘twin-peaks’ profile is characteristic of a p-i-n solar cell, with a layer of low-doped, high electronic quality semiconductor, between a p-and an n-layer. If the electron blocker is replaced by a gold contact, only a heterojunction at the absorber/hole-blocking interface remains.”
“Saturated fatty acids (SFA) have been reported to alter organelle integrity and function in many cell types, including
muscle and pancreatic beta-cells, adipocytes, hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes. SFA accumulation results in increased amounts of ceramides/sphingolipids and saturated phospholipids (PL). In this study, using a yeast-based model that recapitulates most of the trademarks of SFA-induced lipotoxicity in mammalian cells, we demonstrate that these lipid species act at different levels of the secretory pathway. Ceramides mostly appear to modulate the induction of the unfolded protein response and the transcription of nutrient transporters destined to the cell surface. On the other hand, saturated GW4869 PL, by altering membrane properties, directly impact vesicular budding at later steps in the secretory pathway, i.e. at the trans-Golgi Network level. They appear to do so by increasing lipid order within intracellular membranes which, in turn, alters the recruitment of loose lipid packing-sensing proteins, required for optimal budding, to nascent vesicles. We propose that this latter general mechanism could account for the well-documented deleterious impacts of fatty acids
www.selleckchem.com/products/oicr-9429.html on the last steps of the secretory pathway in several cell types.”
“It is widely accepted that the first photosynthetic eukaryotes arose from a single primary endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium in a phagotrophic eukaryotic host, which led to the emergence of three major lineages: Chloroplastida (green algae and land plants), Rhodophyta, and Glaucophyta. For a long time, Glaucophyta have been thought to represent the earliest branch among them. However, recent massive phylogenomic analyses of nuclear genes have challenged this view, because most of them suggested a basal position of Rhodophyta, though with moderate statistical support. We have addressed this question by phylogenomic analysis of a large data set of 124 proteins transferred from the chloroplast to the nuclear genome of the three Archaeplastida lineages. In contrast to previous analyses, we found strong support for the basal emergence of the Chloroplastida and the sister-group relationship of Glaucophyta and Rhodophyta.