y lipoprotein receptor. Gene expres sion changes downstream of the mitogenic PI3K and MAPK pathways were also evaluated. At the level of transcriptional changes, insulin and IGF repressed subunits of PI3K as well as Akt1 and Akt2. Overall, components of the Ras Raf pathway down stream of MAPK Erk were repressed as well by insu lin and IGF, however, this likely represents negative feedback regulation of the pathway and is not reflective of activated phosphorylated proteins in the signaling cascade. IGF I increases pGSK3B signaling in the OSE To validate that changes in PI3K or MAPK signaling oc curred along with proliferative changes in the OSE, organ cultures treated with insulin or IGF I were assessed for phospho glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta and total GSK3B expression by immunohistochemistry.

Akt activation induces phosphorylation of GSK3B at serine 9, leading to inhibition of the kinase function of the protein, progression through the cell cycle, and inhibition of apop totic pathways. From gene expression data, IGF I induced a knockout post a 2. 59 fold increase in Gsk3b, while insulin induced a 1. 19 fold change in Gsk3b. Expression of pGSK3B was increased in the OSE of organ cul tures treated with IGF I relative to basal cultures, in agree ment with the gene expression data. This increase in pGSK3Bwas redistributed with the AG1024 IR IGF1R inhibitor into a punctate diffuse pattern, add itionally, AG1024 reduced expression of total GSK3B. Inhibition of MAPK Erk signaling reduces insulin induced OSE hyperplasia Activation of the MAPK pathway is known to occur downstream of IR IGF1R signaling, leading to increased transcription and cell proliferation.

Components of the MAPK pathway were regulated by insulin and IGF in the OSE by transcription {a fantastic read| selleck|selelck kinase inhibitor|selleckchem|LDC000067 molecular weight array. To determine if this signaling pathway was involved in OSE hyperplasia and proliferation, ovarian organoids were cultured with the MEK1 2 inhibitor UO126. When organoids were cultured with UO126 alone, a single layer of OSE was observed with 8% of OSE proliferating, which was similar to orga noids cultured in basal media. To deter mine if inhibition of MAPK signaling by UO126 could reduce the OSE hyperplasia and proliferation induced by insulin, organoids were cultured with both UO126 and in sulin. A single layer of OSE was observed, with 13% of OSE proliferating, which was not significantly different from basal rates.

However, organoids cultured with UO126 and IGF I exhibited several layers of OSE, al though the thickness of the OSE was reduced as compared to that induced by IGF I alone. Addition of UO126 to the culture media reduced the per centage of proliferating OSE to 7%, as compared to 41% for IGF I alone. Insulin and IGF induced OSE hyperplasia and proliferation requires PI3K signaling Another pathway downstr