ycogen synthase kinase beta, total GSK3B, and anti collagen IV. Slides were incubated with biotinylated secondary anti bodies, followed by formation of avidin biotin complexes and detection with 3,3 diaminobenzidine. Slides were imaged on a Nikon Eclipse E600 microscope. The percentage of proliferating OSE relative to the total number of OSE was quantified using Image J software. Statistical methods All data are represented as the standard error of the mean. Statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism software. Statistical significance was determined by Students t test or one way ANOVA, with P 0. 05 considered significant. Results Insulin and IGF I induce OSE hyperplasia and multilayering Culture of ovarian organoids in alginate hydrogels per mits analysis of normal OSE growth in the context of its normal microenvironment without the requirement for immortalization with viral antigens.

To analyze the effects of specific growth factors on different cell types in the tissue, the culture medium can be supplemented with growth factors, cytokines, steroid hormones, or other factors which selleck chemical CORM-3 are able to diffuse freely across the alginate gel. Organoids were cultured for 7d in basal medium or medium sup plemented with 5 ug ml insulin or IGF I. Morphology of the OSE was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining or immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 8. To measure proliferation, 5 bromodeoxyuridine was added to the cultures 24h prior to fixation. Organoids cultured in basal medium exhibited a single layer of squamous OSE with few proliferating OSE.

Inclusion of insulin or IGF I in the culture medium resulted in formation of a hyperplastic layer of OSE, approximately 4 6 cell layers thick around the outer surface of the ovary. Primor dial and primary follicles were frequently observed L-Mimosine ic50 trapped within this layer of OSE. Insulin and IGF I induce OSE proliferation in a dose and time dependent manner To quantify the proliferative effects of insulin and IGF and determine the relative potency of each ligand in the OSE, organoids were cultured for 7d with increasing concentra tions of insulin or IGF I. BrdU was added 24h prior to fixation, and serial sections stained for CK8 and BrdU were analyzed to determine the percentage of proliferating OSE relative to the total number of OSE. By d7 of culture, only about 8% of OSE cul tured in basal medium were proliferating.

Addition of 5 ug ml insulin or 1 ug ml IGF I to the culture medium increased the percentage of proliferating OSE to approxi mately 41% or 47% respectively, demonstrating that a higher dose of insulin was required to achieve the same proliferative effects of IGF I. Unless otherwise noted, experiments were completed at 5 ug ml to reflect the con centration commonly used in media supplements for i