1 �� 3.7) than Whites (14.1 �� 3.6, p < .001). Some limitations of the study should be noted. White females comprised nearly half of our sample; however, there was no evidence that White females were responsible for the few demographic differences we found in topography. www.selleckchem.com/products/wortmannin.html Indeed, our mean topography data were comparable to those of other studies investigating diverse groups of adolescents (Corrigall et al., 2001; Kassel et al., 2007; Wood et al., 2004; Zack et al., 2001). Another limitation of the study is that adolescents smoked only one cigarette in a laboratory setting after an uncontrolled time since their last cigarette. Thus, we were unable to determine the reliability of the puffing behavior and the extent to which it generalizes to real-world smoking.
A study with adult smokers showed that topography data were consistent across days and that several measures of tobacco exposure were similar when cigarettes were smoked in the laboratory and in the natural environment (Lee et al., 2003). In tobacco-dependent adolescent smokers, we found evidence of regulation of puffing behavior across the smoking of a single cigarette. This suggests that adolescent smokers, like adults, learn early in the dependence process to regulate their smoke and nicotine intake. These results are further confirmation that tobacco dependence is a pediatric disease (Fiore et al., 2008). Funding This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Declaration of Interests None declared.
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Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) poses a significant and pervasive health risk to both adults and children (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 1986, 2006). As of July 2009, 31 states have promulgated smoke-free air laws that prohibit smoking inside workplaces, bars, and/or restaurants, with 17 of these states having comprehensive laws in effect that require all three of the aforementioned venue types to be 100% smoke free (Americans for Non-Smokers�� Rights [ANR], 2009). However, the implementation and strengthening of these laws has left unregulated areas, including personal living areas, as primary sources of SHS exposure for many individuals.
The Surgeon General��s Call to Action to Promote Healthy Homes emphasizes the importance of instituting smoke-free home policies to reduce involuntary exposure to SHS (USDHHS, 2009). Such policies have also been shown to increase smoking cessation and decrease cigarette consumption in adult smokers (Mills, Messer, Gilpin, & Pierce, 2009). The estimated 80 million Americans who live Anacetrapib in close proximity to one another in multiunit housing (MUH) are particularly susceptible to SHS exposure (Ellis et al., 2009; U.S. Census Bureau [USCB], 2003).