2). This analysis showed selleck inhibitor that cytokines that were highly abundant in maternal serum, including IL-1��, IL-6, IL-12(p40) and IL-10 (47 to 309pg/100��g of protein), were detected at lower levels (IL-10, 27pg/100��g of protein) or not detected (IL-1��, IL-6 and IL-12(p40)) in fetal brain homogenates. By contrast, cytokines IL-1�� and IL-9 were detected at high levels in fetal brain samples (47 and 109pg/100��g of protein, respectively) while their concentration values were substantially lower in maternal serum (7 and 52pg/100��g of protein, respectively). The ten chemokines assayed were also detected at high concentrations in the maternal serum 6h after poly(I:C) injection (ranging from 65 to 2100pg/100��g of protein), while their concentration values in fetal brain homogenates were below 25pg/100��g of protein (eotaxin, MCP-1 and MIG) or not detected (MIP-1��, RANTES, KC, LIX and MIP-2).

MIP-1�� was the only chemokine found at higher levels in fetal brain homogenates (260pg/100��g of protein) compared with maternal serum (66pg/100��g of protein) and G-CSF concentration in maternal serum reached 2,908pg/100��g of protein while it was below detection limits in fetal brain homogenates. Figure 2 Comparison of immune response-associated soluble factors concentrations between brain homogenates and maternal serum in poly(I:C) treated animals 6h after injection. Values were normalized to total protein content of each tissue. (A) Pro- and … These results indicate that a subset of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are normally present in the developing brain and that their expression levels can be modulated directly by poly(I:C) or by the activation of a maternal innate immune response.

However, IRSF expression levels in the prenatal brains do not reflect the changes in concentration levels observed in maternal serum, indicating that IRSF expression GSK-3 is modulated by mechanisms within the embryo or the placenta, and are not a passive consequence of the increase in concentration levels in the maternal serum. Pre and postnatal brains respond differently to poly(I:C) To determine whether changes in IRSF expression levels observed in the fetal brain after poly(I:C) injection were unique to the pregnancy environment or could also be triggered after birth, newborn mice were treated with PBS or poly(I:C) on PND4, and IRSF concentrations were measured in brain homogenates 24h after injection (PND5)(Table (PND5)(Table3).3). As observed in prenatal brain homogenates, a variety of IRSF were detected in control samples, including cytokines IL-1��, IL-2, IL3, IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17 and IL-10.