, 2006). Despite

the fact that all biofilms contain proteins, the three proteases tested efficiently degraded only biofilms of strains that do not produce PNAG, demonstrating that, in this case, protein components of the biofilm played an important role LEE011 concentration in stabilizing its intercellular structure. The hydrolytic activity of the dispersin B and proteinase K on biofilm components was confirmed by their direct action on PNAG and the protein fraction of biofilms, respectively (Chaignon et al., 2007). The heterogeneity of the biofilm matrix limits the potential of the monocompound enzyme, and the use of two or several successive treatments may be necessary for sufficient degradation of biofilms produced by clinical staphylococcal strains. Thus, a treatment with dispersin B, followed by a protease (proteinase K or trypsin), may facilitate eradication of biofilms of a variety of staphylococcal strains on inert surfaces. Unfortunately, none of the enzymes tested in this study was able to depolymerize the EC-TA, an important and recurrent component Selleck Talazoparib of staphylococcal biofilms. Finding an enzyme capable of specifically degrading this phosphor-diester polymer could favourably complement the action of the

dispersin B and a protease. We attempted to better understand whether the ability to form a biofilm in vitro was a sufficient and important virulence factor in the development of S. epidermidis infections in vivo. Earlier results of in vivo studies using a tissue cage guinea-pig (TC-GP) animal model concluded that inactivation of the ica locus by mutation did not affect the ability of the mutant to cause a persistent in vivo infection (Fluckiger et al., 2005). Additionally, a number of studies have demonstrated that S. epidermidis and S. aureus ica mutants were still capable of colonizing in a tissue cage

animal model of infection (Francois et al., 2003; Kristian et al., 2004; Fluckiger et al., 2005), suggesting that biofilm is not an important virulence factor in this model. To further address this question, we chose a selection of previously triclocarban characterized clinical isolates of S. epidermidis (Table 1) in a TC-GP animal model (Chokr et al., 2007). Our study showed that the (B+, I+, P+) model strain S. epidermidis RP62A develops and maintains an infection in vivo, while the negative (B−, I−, P−) strain S. carnosus TM300 does not. Then, these results were checked with clinical isolates of S. epidermidis, possessing, respectively, both types: (B+, I+, P+) and (B−, I−, P−). Those with the positive type (B+, I+, P+) were shown to cause a persistent infection that might be attributed to their ability to form a biofilm, as demonstrated previously in vitro (Chokr et al., 2006).