The Cuzick’s and Kendall’s tests showed a significant increase in MIC values between 2003 and 2011 (P = 0.001 and P ≤ 0.001, respectively), regardless of age or gender. No statistical difference was reached with these tests when the first 100 or 50 data were excluded. Despite the increase observed in the first period of the study, our results confirm the low AmB MICs reported in previous studies. However, some authors have recently reported much higher MICs. This discrepancy cannot be explained by method biases and could reflect C. krusei epidemiological differences among populations. “
“It has always been difficult to treat onychomycosis due to decrease

ability of topical agents to penetrate the nail and reach the affected nail bed. Oral antifungal have shown good response but due to longer duration course it has potential to cause systemic

side effects, Belinostat clinical trial leading to patient non-adherence and adverse events. Lasers, therefore, have been suggested for the treatment of onychomycosis due to LDE225 in vitro their minimally invasive nature and the potential for requiring fewer treatment sessions. The aim of writing this article is to review a literature regarding treatment of onychomycosis by laser. This article will discuss about all the available laser treatment options for onychomycosis as well as their currently published, peer-reviewed literature. “
“The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of posaconazole (PSC) in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in a neutropaenic murine model of disseminated zygomycosis (mucormycosis) due to Rhizopus microsporus. Male BALB/c mice were rendered neutropaenic with cyclophosphamide (200 mg kg−1, intraperitoneally) administered on days −1 and +5 postinfection. Mice were infected with R. microsporus (5 × 104 spores ml−1) intravenously. Mice were treated with PSC (40 mg kg−1 day−1 by gavage) or G-CSF (300 μg kg−1 day−1 subcutaneously) or with the combination of PSC and G-CSF. The fungal burden was assessed by culturing the brain, liver, kidneys and lungs. Blood levels

Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase of PSC were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The survival rates were 33%, 27% and 31% for PSC-treated-, G-CSF-treated- and PSC + G-CSF-treated mice, respectively, as compared to 18% for the controls (P = NS). PSC monotherapy and combination therapy significantly reduced the fungal burden in the kidneys, but not in the rest of the organs. Combination therapy was not superior to PSC monotherapy in terms of either survival or reduction in fungal burden. Serum concentrations of PSC were well-above the MIC of PSC for the particular isolate. PSC monotherapy has a modest efficacy against R. microsporus in reducing fungal burden in neutropaenic mice. Combining G-CSF with PSC does not substantially affect the antifungal activity of PSC. “
“Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) are regarded to be predisposed to oral candidiasis.