, 2010; Qian et al., 2010; J. Yang et al., 2011; T. Z. Yang, Fisher, Li, & Danaher, 2006). While it was reported that Chinese participants in the international Quit and Win biennial smoking cessation contests achieved among the highest 1-year continuous abstinence Calcitriol order rates (~43%), these findings have been attributed to the particular differences between Chinese smokers and those of other nations, such as culture, gender, degree of addiction, makeup of nicotine patches, and nature of prizes (Sun et al., 2000). Moreover, comparisons across countries and meaningful conclusions have been characterized as ��very problematic�� because of the countries�� increasing heterogeneity and the failure of the contests to affect population smoking rates (Cahill & Perera, 2008).

Currently, a number of tobacco control initiatives are underway, including: all health care facilities should be smoke free at the end of 2011; smoke-free schools decision issued by Ministry of Education; Tobacco Control Mass Media Promotion Activities; and Healthy Cities Program (Lv et al., 2011). The first smoking cessation clinic in Guangzhou, China��s third largest city, was established only 6 years ago and had success similar to Western clinics (i.e., by intention to treat, the 6-month 7-day point prevalence quit rate was 24% [95% CI = 18%�C30%]). Smokers with more confidence in quitting or were at action stage were more successful in quitting (W. H. Zhu et al., 2010). Despite this progress, more must be done. But implementation has been spotty and not well supported.

Although models of effective tobacco control exist in developed nations in the West, it is likely that they will only have similar success in China if they are adapted for Chinese tobacco use and culture. A large, multisite study in China provided a wealth of data from which to identify promising variables. The China Seven Cities Study (CSCS) was initiated by a consortium of researchers in the United States and China in 2001 to gain a more complete understanding of the role of rapid social, economic, and cultural change on tobacco use and related health practices and outcomes in China, with the ultimate goal of developing and implementing effective community-based approaches to tobacco use prevention and control (Johnson et al., 2006).

Most smokers in North America and Europe try to quit on their own, that is, without any intervention; studies of these self-quitters have found that approximately Brefeldin_A half relapsed within a week and approximately 90% within 6 months (Hughes, Keely, & Naud, 2004). A review of findings on the maintenance of abstinence and relapse concluded that slips, younger age, nicotine dependence, low self-efficacy, weight concerns, and previous quit attempts predicted relapse (Ockene et al., 2000).