, smoking history, daily consumption, expired CO, and Fagerstr?m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score; Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerstr?m, 1991). Next, we obtained several psychophysiological measures that included dense-sensor array EEG recording during the presentation of pictures from four valence categories: pleasant, unpleasant, neutral, and http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Imatinib(STI571).html cigarette related. Three equivalent picture sets containing 96 pictures (24 per category) were created by selecting images from the International Affective Picture System (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2005) and other smoking-related picture sets used in previous studies (Carter et al., 2006; Gilbert et al., 2005). Subjects were randomly assigned to view one of these three sets during the baseline session.

During the session, each picture was presented for 4 s, separated by an inter-trial interval of 3�C5 s, and delivered in a random order with respect to category with the restriction that no more than two pictures from the same valence category were presented consecutively. Each picture was presented twice during the session (once during each half of the session), resulting in a total of 192 picture-viewing trials. In addition to classifying the pictures with respect to valence, we classified them with respect to emotional arousal, which allowed us to conduct analyses of alpha ERD as a function of both valence and arousal. Three arousal categories (low, medium, and high) were formed on the basis of normative ratings (on a Likert scale of 1�C9) of the pictures as follows. The neutral pictures, by definition, were considered low arousal.

They consisted of two subcategories: people and objects (e.g., household items), the average normative arousal ratings for which were 3.55 and 2.76, respectively. The medium- and high-arousal pictures consisted of subcategories of pictures from the pleasant and unpleasant valence categories. For medium-arousal pictures, the subcategories were pleasant objects (e.g., food and landscapes), romantic scenes, unpleasant objects (e.g., accidents and pollution), and sad scenes, the normative arousal ratings for which were 4.67, 4.90, 5.45, and 4.82, respectively. For high-arousal pictures, the subcategories were erotica and mutilations, the normative arousal ratings for which were 6.29 and Carfilzomib 6.36, respectively. Cigarette-related pictures, which have not been normed with respect to valence and arousal ratings but have been rated as more arousing than neutral and less arousing than emotional pictures in previous studies (Cinciripini et al., 2006; Engelmann et al., 2011; Geier et al., 2000), were considered a separate category, so that they could be compared with the low-, medium-, and high-arousal pictures.