For reports of smoking behavior, we compared current smokers to those not currently smoking and never-smokers to ever-smokers. sellckchem For those who reported smoking every day, we also examined the continuous measure of number of cigarettes smoked per day. Race analyses compared White participants to Black and to Hispanic participants, respectively. Differences in psychological distress and smoking as a function of race were examined using linear regression for psychological distress and number of cigarettes smoked per day and logistic regression for smoking status. The psychological distress and differences in the psychological distress�Csmoking relation as a function of race were examined using logistic regression for smoking status and linear regression for number of cigarettes smoked; in both, the key predictors were race, psychological distress, and the interaction of the two.

In addition, given evidence that specific types of negative affect can have differing effects on cognition and behavior (Ellsworth & Scherer, 2003; Lerner, Gonzalez, Small, & Fischhoff, 2003; Lerner, Small, & Loewenstein, 2004), we conducted exploratory analyses using each individual K6 item rather than the overall measure in the analyses described above. Because smoking is associated with both low-arousal (e.g., depression) and high-arousal (e.g., anxiety) types of psychological distress (Covey et al., 1998; Lasser et al., 2000; Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005), we also separately examined high- and low-arousal items. Results Sample Characteristics The population-weighted sample was 51% female and had an average age of 45.

8 years (SD = 17.8 years, range is 18�C97 years; all point estimates and population proportions are based on jackknifed estimates based on sampling design weights). The weighted population proportions were 69% White, 11% Black, and 13% Hispanic (remaining participants were other non-Hispanic race/ethnic groups or multiracial and, as discussed above, were not included in analyses). Descriptive statistics for psychological distress, smoking status, and cigarettes per day by race are presented in Table 1. Relative to White respondents, Hispanic respondents reported significantly higher levels of psychological distress (the White?Black difference was marginally significant; p = .06); Black and Hispanic respondents reported fewer cigarettes smoked per day.

There were no differences by race in current smoking status. Table 1. Characteristics of the Sample Race, Psychological Distress, and Smoking Status We begin by examining predictors of whether a person was currently a smoker or a nonsmoker (never-smoker or former smoker). GSK-3 As described above, all reported analyses controlled for gender, age, household income, and education. Table 2 reports the odds ratios for the relation of psychological distress to smoking status for the overall sample and each demographic group.