8A, E, I). The proximal centriole is anterior and almost perpendicular to the distal centriole. The centrioles are covered by electron dense material and fastened to one another. The proximal centriole and most of the distal centriole are inside the nuclear fossa ( Fig. 8A, B, E, I). The midpiece contains the mitochondria, vesicles and the cytoplasmic canal in which lies the initial segment of the flagellum ( Fig. 8C–D, mTOR inhibition F–H, J–L). The midpiece is slightly asymmetric due to the unequal distribution of mitochondria and vesicles. The

asymmetry of the midpiece is more accentuated in R. dorbignyi. Mitochondria are oblong in P. granulosus and elongated in R. dorbignyi. Vesicles are mainly concentrated at the periphery and at the terminal regions of the midpiece ( Fig. 8D, G, K). The single flagellum contains a classic axoneme (9 + 2) ( Fig. 8L). Information on the limiting plasma membrane and midpiece, especially from the mitochondria, of A. cataphractus are not available because the gonads were not properly PD0325901 clinical trial preserved in the museum specimens. In T. paraguayensis, spermatogenesis occurs inside the cysts. At the end of the differentiation process spermatozoa are released into the luminal compartment of the testis

( Fig. 6B). In T. paraguayensis, spermiogenesis is Type III. In the early spermatids ( Fig. 9A) the cytoplasm symmetrically encircles the nucleus, which displays diffuse homogenous chromatin and has a circular outline. The centriolar complex lies medially to the nucleus and is anchored to the plasma membrane. The proximal centriole is anterior and oblique to the distal centriole ( Fig. 9B and

C). The distal centriole, differentiated into the basal body, remains associated with the plasma membrane and forms the single flagellum. The nucleus does not rotate in relation to the flagellar axis, and a nuclear fossa is not formed ( Fig. 9A–C). Most of the cytoplasm concentrates in the region surrounding the centriolar complex, G protein-coupled receptor kinase forming the midpiece which contains the mitochondria ( Fig. 9A–C). Progressively formed in the midpiece terminal portion, vesicles enlarge, project toward and surround the initial segment of the flagellum, forming a cytoplasmic canal ( Fig. 9B and C). In the spermatozoon of T. paraguayensis, the spherical nucleus (1.68 μm in diameter) contains highly condensed homogeneous chromatin interspersed by electron-lucent areas, has no nuclear fossa, and is surrounded by a narrow strip of cytoplasm with no organelles ( Fig. 9D and E). The centrioles remain near the nucleus. They are covered by electron dense material and are fastened to one another, to the nuclear envelope, and to the plasma membrane by stabilization fibrils ( Fig. 9F). The proximal centriole is anterior and oblique to the distal centriole ( Fig. 9F). The flagellum is slightly eccentric to the nuclear axis ( Fig. 9D).