Another application of miRNA biology is in prenatal diagnostics because miRNAs expressed in the placenta can be detected in the maternal plasma. Conventional AZD9291 molecular weight prenatal diagnostic methods such as chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis are invasive and risky. Alterations in the miRNA profile at various stages of pregnancy, including the postnatal period, suggest that miRNAs could be used as an indicator to monitor the physiological state and could serve as a noninvasive prenatal diagnostic tool [28]. Yet another use of circulating miRNA is in determining the quality Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of stored blood. Managing the supply of transfusion-quality blood revolutionized health care; recent studies have shown that changes in miRNAs during storage may be indicative of the quality of the stored blood [29].
Anucleate blood cells such as platelets and erythrocytes were considered relatively inert due to the lack of a nucleus and de novo transcription. However, recent studies have demonstrated the presence of miRNAs and functional miRNA pathways in addition to mRNAs in human platelets [30]. The detection of extracellular Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries miRNAs in serum thus raised the question of the stability of miRNAs. It has been suggested that miRNAs must Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries be protected by a lipoprotein complex in the serum. It was demonstrated that exosomes, which are membrane vesicles released by cells, contained both mRNA and miRNA that were functional when delivered to another cell [31]. This finding revealed a new mechanism of miRNA-mediated cell-cell communication and signaling through exosomes Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and is discussed below.3.
?Exosome-Mediated miRNA Transfer in Intercellular CommunicationExosomes are small 40- to 100-nm membrane vesicles that are released by different types of cells. They can be found in various bodily fluids including plasma, urine, amniotic Cilengitide fluid, and saliva. Exosomes are formed from endosomes, which in turn arise from an inward budding of the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm. Inward budding selleck chemicals Trichostatin A of the endosomal membrane gives rise to cytosolic multivesicular bodies (MVB). When MVB fuse with the plasma membrane, exosomes are released [32,33]. The presence of mRNA and miRNA in exosomes from mouse and human mast cell lines was reported by Valadi and coworkers [31]. Exosomes contain proteins, miRNAs, and mRNAs, and the exosomal lipid bilayer protects the genetic information from degradation. The Web site http://exocarta.org
Fingerprint segmentation is an important pre-processing step in automatic fingerprint recognition system [1]. A fingerprint image usually consists of two regions: the foreground and the background. The foreground which contains effective ridge information is originated from the contact of a fingertip with the sensor. The noisy area at the borders of the image is called the background.