Potential risks are related to imbalance selleck chem Cisplatin in Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the temperature and humidity, generated by different factors such as heating, air conditioning, ventilating system, exchange of outside air, or large visitors numbers [1]. Attempting to assess in situ the complexity of these risks, different studies have monitored microclimate parameters (e.g., air temperature, relative humidity, specific humidity, dew point, etc.) inside museums such as the British Museum in London [2] or the Chiericati Palace Municipal Museum in Vicenza, Italy [3]. A similar study developed along several years was conducted in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. Marked Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries thermo-hygrometric gradients were found, which might become harmful to the exhibitions in the long term [4].
Churches and cathedrals contain valuable works of art, and the microclimate requirements are similar as those in museums. Different researchers have monitored the temperature (Ta) and Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries relative humidity (RH) in churches located in Russia [5], Italy [6,7] and Cyprus [8]. The latter work identified large Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries diurnal and seasonal variations.Apart from microclimate parameters, other reported studies have thoroughly characterized the air quality inside four European museums by measuring concentration of damaging pollutant gases, deposition and origin of the suspended particulate matter, as well as the concentration of airborne microorganisms [9�C13].1.2. Preventive Conservation of Fresco Paintings by Microclimate MonitoringFresco is a method of painting on freshly plastered walls or ceilings with powdered pigments mixed with water.
The late medieval period and the Renaissance saw the most prominent use of this technique, particularly in Italy, where most churches and many government buildings still feature GSK-3 fresco decoration.Temperature and humidity changes can affect the conservation of frescoes. Ideally, the wall temperature should be at any point the same as the air temperature on the wall surface and in the immediate proximity. If it is different, it generates an air flow along the wall surface that increases the aerodynamic deposition of airborne particles and wall soiling. The natural ventilation and turbulence indoors also affect the transport and diffusion of airborne pollutants. Different works have characterized the distribution of thermal and hygrometric parameters, as well as the turbulence indoors, in order to study the interactions between the indoor atmosphere and walls supporting frescoes or mural paintings [14�C16].
The impact of other adverse factors such as heating, lighting, solar radiation, or people were also discussed.Vertical gradients of temperature (i.e., variations with height) generate air flows along the surface of Nutlin-3a Mdm2 frescoes that increase the aerodynamic deposition of airborne particles and soiling.