In the present study, we also introduce perceived peer smoking as a mediator between sensation seeking and smoking and also sensation seeking and smoking-related outcome expectancies for http://www.selleckchem.com/products/XL184.html at least two reasons. On the one hand, sensation seeking is associated with drug use, including alcohol and marijuana use and smoking, both directly and indirectly through peers, (Donohew, Clayton, Skinner, & Colon, 1999; Romer & Hennessy, 2007, Wills et al., 1998). On the other hand, Hine, McKenzie-Richer, Lewko, Tilleczek, and Perreault (2002) described how the effects of peer and current smoking on future smoking are mediated by adolescents�� expectancies about negative affect control, whereas the relationship between current smoking and future smoking is also mediated by adolescents�� beliefs about the desirability of weight control.

In another study, Romer and Hennessy have also demonstrated that perceived peer use and peer approval combined into one latent variable called peer attraction are associated with positive affective expectancy; moreover, this expectancy also mediates between peer attraction and smoking. Purpose of the present study Our work is based on earlier work exploring smoking outcome expectancies among high-school students. Instead of attempting to define a number of expectancy factors, we established our work on four core expectancies defined by Brandon and Baker (1991) and Myers et al. (2003).

Our goals were twofold: (a) to examine the validity of the Hungarian version of the short form of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire with estimation of the measurement model and the concurrent criterion validity of each subscale and (b) to examine our hypotheses regarding mediational properties of outcome expectancies between distal variables such as sensation seeking and perceived peer smoking and smoking. The first goal is a prerequisite for the accomplishment of the second goal. We propose several paths between sensation seeking and smoking. The first paths describe that sensation seeking increases both positive and negative reinforcement expectancies, and higher reinforcement expectancies, in turn, enhance smoking. The other path describes the association between sensation seeking and perceived peer smoking; therefore, sensation seeking might boost the salience of peer smoking, which in turn increases the smoking. In the final, and most complex, path, we propose that sensation seeking increases the perceived peer smoking, which in turn boosts positive and negative reinforcement expectancies, and finally, these expectancies are the final path to smoking. In this final path, we imply that smoking-related expectancies are conveyed Carfilzomib through peer smoking behavior.