Similarly, orienting

clients to phone holidays and the therapist’s personal limits around phone coaching allows therapists to be proactive rather than reactive when personal limits are breached. Orientation to phone coaching often occurs after an unsuccessful or problematic use of phone coaching. Because clients with BPD can be keenly sensitive, this can feel like a reprimand, and, as such, may deter some clients with BPD from using phone coaching Olaparib solubility dmso in the future. Thus, by properly orienting clients to the contingencies present in DBT phone coaching, problematic and unskillful use of this treatment modality is diminished. “
“The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that there are more than 1.1 million individuals living with HIV/AIDS in the United States (CDC, 2012b). Furthermore, rates of new infections have remained relatively stable in recent years at a rate of approximately 50,000 new infections each year (CDC, 2012a). Given that deaths of individuals living with HIV infection have also remained stable at around 20,000 per year (CDC, 2012b), the RO4929097 population of individuals

living with HIV in the United States is on the rise. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States carries with it a heavy economic burden (Hutchinson et al., 2006), which is exacerbated by high levels of comorbidity with mental and physical health problems (Safren, Blashill, & O’Cleirigh, 2011), and treatments that aim to reduce mental Reverse transcriptase health problems and optimize health among HIV-infected individuals may help to ease this burden. Depression is one of the most frequently occurring comorbidities in HIV-infected individuals (Bing et al., 2001 and Ciesla and Roberts, 2001).

A meta-analysis estimated that 9.4% of HIV-infected adults met DSM criteria for current major depressive disorder (Ciesla & Roberts, 2001), and another large nationally representative survey estimated that 36% of HIV-infected adults met criteria for major depressive disorder in the past 12 months (Bing et al., 2001). Further, meta-analyses and systematic reviews have found that depression is not only associated with nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV-infected individuals (Gonzalez, Batchelder, Psaros, & Safren, 2011), but it is also independently associated with HIV disease progression (i.e., decreases in CD4 T lymphocytes, increases in viral load; Leserman, 2008). Depressive symptoms may additionally potentiate risk of HIV transmission to HIV-uninfected individuals, as evidence suggests that moderate levels of depressive symptoms may increase engagement in sexual risk behavior (Koblin et al., 2006, O’Cleirigh et al., 2013, Parsons et al., 2003 and Stall et al., 2003). Moreover, elevated viral load resulting from depression and ART nonadherence increases infectiousness in the HIV-infected individual, thus increasing likelihood of transmission to HIV-uninfected partners (Attia et al., 2009, Cohen et al.