The functional images were registered to the 3D MP-RAGE volume and warped to the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI)-152 standard template using FLIRT (Jenkinson, Bannister, Brady, & Smith, 2002). Statistical analyses were based on FILM, which performs pre-whitening, and fits a general linear model voxel-wise. Brain activity was modeled with

five predictors, (1) cue-primes, (2) neutral primes, (3) neutral trial targets, find more (4) valid trial targets and (5) invalid trial targets. The prime-predictors included both the display of the prime (50 ms) plus waiting time (450 ms) before target display. The target-predictors started at the target on-set time and ended when the subject responded. The expected signal time courses were convolved with a two-gamma hemodynamic response function (Glover,

1999) and its temporal derivative. Within-subjects parameter estimates were obtained separately for each run, and then pooled across runs with a fixed effects model of variance. SR, SR+/SP− and SR+/N− were entered buy Adriamycin as separate regressors in a mixed effects GLM analysis (FLAME; FMRIB’s Local Analysis of Mixed Effects) for the prime and target contrasts. In addition, a post hoc analysis was performed with the left and right RT priming effect as covariates in order to investigate the influence of a hand effect on brain activity. Z statistic images were thresholded using an uncorrected voxel p-value of .005 (Z = 2.576) and a cluster size threshold of ⩾20 voxels ( Lieberman & Cunningham, 2009). In the priming task, the reward can be seen as successful task compliance, defined by the researcher’s instructions as fast and accurate responses. Reward cues are primes and targets associated with successful task compliance. In order to isolate brain areas activated to unexpected reward cues, three statistical contrasts were examined; (1) prime (cue-primes > neutral primes) isolates activity related to unexpected reward-cues vs. unexpected non-reward cues; (2) neutral > valid (neutral trial targets > valid trial targets)

Isoconazole isolates activity related to unexpected reward-cues vs. expected reward-cues; (3) neutral > invalid (neutral trial targets > invalid trial targets) isolates activity related to unexpected reward-cues vs. unexpected non-reward-cues. To quantify the predictive value of SR, SP and N, the BAS related brain activity obtained in the voxel-by-voxel analysis was investigated in region-of-interests (ROI) analyses. The ROIs investigated were restricted to the left ventral striatum because activity here correlated with SR, SR+/SP− and SR+/N− in all three contrasts, and because the ventral striatum, was the location where BAS was expected to exert its largest influence. ROIs were based on activations in the three contrasts: ROI-1: prime, ROI-2: neutral > valid, ROI-3: neutral > invalid and defined separately by the SR+/SP− and SR+/N− related activation patterns, thus forming 6 ROIs.