The median age and time since injury were 27 years (IQR 24 to 31) and 11 weeks (IQR 8 to 16), respectively. According to the International Standards for Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, participants were categorised as American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) A (n = 29), AIS B (n = 2), or

AIS C (n = 1) with neurological and motor levels ranging from T1 to L1 (see Table 1). The groups were similar at baseline. Adherence to the study protocol was reasonable. The protocol dictated that participants receive 18 training sessions over six weeks. In reality, they received a median of 18 training sessions (IQR 12 to 18) over 6 weeks (IQR 6 to 7). There were four participants from the Sydney site who received only six (1 participant), 11 (2 participants), or 12 (1 participant) sessions due to poor compliance, and one participant from the Bangladesh RAD001 clinical trial site who received only five sessions due to back pain. All three assessors indicated that blinding had been maintained throughout INCB018424 cell line the study. The mean between-group difference for the Maximal Lean Test was –20 mm (95% CI –64 to 24). The mean betweengroup difference for the Maximal

Sideward Reach was 5% of arm length (95% CI –3 to 13). The mean betweengroup difference for the Performance item of the COPM was 0.5 points (–0.5 to 1.5). Group data for these outcomes are presented in Table 2. Individual data are presented in Table 3 (see eAddenda for Table 3). None of these findings was statistically significant and the upper end of all 95% confidence intervals fell short of the pre-determined minimally worthwhile treatment Libraries effects. The corresponding values for the secondary outcomes are also presented in Table 2. Individual data are presented in Table 3 (see eAddenda for Table 3). The results of the exploratory perprotocol analysis of all outcomes are presented in Table 4. The only notable deleterious effect was an increase in

back pain in one participant. The median rating of inconvenience of the intervention provided by experimental participants was 9 (IQR 8 to 9) where 1 was ‘extremely inconvenient’ and 10 was ‘not at all inconvenient’. The results of this study indicate no added benefit PAK6 from a 6-week training program specifically targeting unsupported sitting. We can be confident that within the limitation of this study, the results are conclusive because the upper end of the 95% CIs from the three primary outcomes falls short of the pre-determined minimally worthwhile treatment effects. These findings are largely consistent when data from the five non-compliant experimental participants are removed although there is less precision and certainty associated with some outcomes. Needless to say, the interpretation of the results relies on what is considered a worthwhile treatment effect.

Figure 1. Outcomes in schizophrenia. Modified from reference 12: Awad AG, Voruganti LNP, Heslegrave RJ. A conceptual model of quality of life in schizophrenia: description and preliminary

clinical validation. Quai Life Res. 1997;6:21-26. Copyright © Kluwer … The appearance of the atypical antipsychotic drugs (aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone) with different therapeutic and side-effect profiles promoted further ABT-888 solubility dmso studies and a greater interest in assessing the quality of life of schizophrenic patients (Table I). However, as stated by Corrigan et al,34 findings on this topic are contradictory; just Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical about half of the studies demonstrated that, in comparison with typical antipsychotics, atyplcals significantly Increase the quality of life of schizophrenia-spectrum patients. The inconsistency of the results may be due to the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical following factors: Table I. Quality of life Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in clinical trials with antipsychotic drugs. AMI, amisulpride; CAPS, conventional antipsychotics; CLZP, clozapine; HAL, haloperidol; FLU, flupenthixol; LA-RISP, long-acting risperidone; MLDL, Munich Quality of Life Dimensions; OLZ, olanzapine … The instruments employed: despite the fact that the QLS35

was specifically designed to assess the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia, most studies, including clinical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical trials, have employed the QLS as a measure of quality of life, even thought its is a “clinician-rated” instrument and does

not incorporate the subjective views of patients themselves. Clinical trials do not always accurately reflect psychiatric Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical routine treatment of patients. Illness-related differences, treatment, and many other factors affecting participants may influence quality of life outcomes. Three naturalistic comparative studies have been recently published,36-38 comparing quality of life outcomes between atypical and typical antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients. Two of them36,37 else suggest that atypical antipsychotics have several advantages over typicals in quality of life outcomes, while the other demonstrates the opposite. The first36 was a cross-sectional study including 78 schizophrenic outpatients stabilized on risperidone or olanzapine, and 55 patients stabilized on typical antipsychotics. Quality of life was assessed employing the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q)39 and the QLS35 at baseline. After adjusting for daily doses, duration of treatment, subjective tolerability, and adjuvant antidepressants, atypicals showed greater improvements in quality of life than typicals.

There is no obligatory written declaration of interest demanded of NAGI members either at the time of each meeting or when new members are appointed, nor are members selleck required to sign confidentiality agreements. Nevertheless, members are expected to declare interests when these exist. NAGI is currently looking into this issue and the question has recently been brought up by the DoH. Modulators meetings are prepared by the DoH, acting in its capacity as NAGI Secretariat, whose EPI Unit relays issues to the Chairman for inclusion in the meeting agenda. The Secretariat has a budget for its expenses. Meetings are hosted by the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD). The costs related to meeting attendance

and logistics (arranging transport, reimbursing expenses and paying nominal honoraria) are managed by an EPI administrator. This administrator is also responsible for taking minutes at the meeting. The operational budget for NAGI comes from the EPI program. Meetings are held at the NICD in Johannesburg on an “as needed” basis but at least twice a year, supplemented by electronic

consultations. In addition, the Chair of NAGI may call an emergency meeting if the need arises. Meetings are closed, but on occasion outside persons may be invited to attend, including representatives of the pharmaceutical industry Adriamycin and non-member academics. In 2008 there were two in-person meetings and two meetings via teleconference and in 2009 there were the same. The scope of the committee’s work includes vaccines and immunization as well as other infectious disease issues where relevant. Within the area of vaccines and immunization, it makes yes/no decisions concerning the use of new vaccines. For example, NAGI has recommended the introduction of rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccines in South Africa and has recently seen these recommendations

much implemented [2]. Earlier it had recommended the introduction of Hib vaccine into the EPI [3]. NAGI makes recommendations on vaccine schedules and has been considering the timing of the measles vaccine as well as advising that three doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) be given spaced at six and fourteen weeks and at nine months. Additionally, it recommends vaccines such as for pandemic H1N1 influenza for high-risk groups and makes recommendations on vaccines beyond infant schedules and for all vaccine-preventable diseases. The committee is presently considering human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in this context, having previously considered those for rubella and tetanus/diphtheria. NAGI also makes recommendations concerning vaccine formulations while also recommending specific vaccines for the same disease, e.g. inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) were considered along with combination vaccines. When required, it also asks for further studies to be made.

However, studies of these medications have found them to be safe and well-tolerated,

suggesting that depression may not be a significant side effect of these agents. Overall, despite the prevalence of depression among patients with MS, medications do not appear to play a role in its development, even in those at risk for depression. Monitoring for depression should be considered for patients on IFN-ß; however, the likelihood that it will cause depression is low. Cardiovascular medications In this section, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical we will review the links between depression and a variety of cardiovascular medications; we refer the reader to published reviews of their other neuropsychiatric complications.52,53 ß-Blockers A connection between Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the use of ß-adrenergic blockers and depression has long been

hypothesized. The lipophilic ß-blockers (eg, propranolol and metoprolol) cross the blood-brain barrier much more easily than do nonlipophilic ß-blockers (eg, atenolol); as a result, they are thought to be associated with higher rates of neuropsychiatric consequences. The association between the use of ß-blockers and depression remains controversial. Many case reports and several small reviews have linked use of propranolol with depression,34,35 and a trial by Thiessen Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and colleagues36 found that treatment with propranolol was associated with higher rates of antidepressant prescriptions than with other ß-blockers (both lipophilic and hydrophilic). In contrast, a RCT of 312 patients who received propranolol found no association between this agent and depression at 1 year.54 Furthermore, several of the trials listed above did not account for confounding variables (eg, benzodiazepine use and frequency of outpatient visits) that were found to Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical account for the apparent relationship between use of ß-blockers and the diagnosis of depression; in one study there was no association between use of ß-blockers and depression after accounting for this correction.55 Finally, a comprehensive review of more than 5800 patients prescribed propranolol found that this agent was rarely associated with

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical depressive symptoms, and that such symptoms typically arose after long-term use.56 When trials have been expanded to include use of other ß-blockers, others the majority of studies and reviews found no association between ß-blockers and depression.37,38 The most extensive analysis of the association between ß-blockers and depression, however, was a meta-analysis of 15 trials of more than 35 000 patients.37 Ko and colleagues37 found that ß-blockers were not associated with a significant increase in reports of depressive symptoms; furthermore, there were no differences between outcomes following use of lipophilic and nonlipophilic agents. More recent reviews have confirmed this lack of an association.38 Finally, pindolol, because of its effects on 5-HT1A autoreceptors, has been actively studied as a PD0332991 mw potential augmenting agent for patients with depression.

Other studies implicated cellular abnormalities triggered by glycogen storage as additional factors affecting

ERT efficacy. Cardone et al. (8) demonstrated an abnormal recycling of the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) in cultured PD fibroblasts. As the integrity of the CI-MPR pathway is essential for efficient uptake and lysosomal delivery of recombinant enzymes used for ERT, the abnormal trafficking of the receptor in PD fibroblasts resulted in an impaired correction of enzyme activity by rhGAA. The abnormalities of CI-MPR trafficking were more prominent in fibroblasts from severe and intermediate PD patients, apparently correlating with disease severity. Raben et al. (9) demonstrated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical abnormalities of autophagy also impact on ERT efficacy and that suppression of autophagy in combination with ERT resulted in a near-complete glycogen clearance and restoration of skeletal muscle architecture in a mouse model of PD. The limitations of ERT efficacy point to the need for improved therapeutic strategies such as immune modulation, early start of ERT, pharmacological chaperone therapy (10) and its combination with ERT (11), substrate reduction (12). Gene therapy is currently under investigation as an alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of PD patients.
Pompe disease (PD) is a Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical rare metabolic myopathy. It is caused

by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme acid alpha glucosidase (GAA), with a consequent generalized Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical storage of glycogen, particularly in the heart, skeletal muscle and liver. It has been reported an overall incidence of 1 in 40.000 live birth, with a different frequency in

different races. The infantile form has an incidence of 1 in 138.000 among Caucasians. The disease is characterized by phenotypic and biochemical heterogeneity with variable age of onset, from infantile to adult age and varying levels of residual enzyme activity, which are inversely related to the severity of clinical manifestations. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The disease is also characterized by wide genetic heterogeneity, and more than 200 different mutations of different severity have been described with variable genotype-phenotype correlations. In infantile Pompe disease the most affected BKM120 in vitro muscles are the heart, respiratory Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase and proximal skeletal muscles of the limbs. The clinical onset may occur in the first weeks/months of life. Patients with the classic infantile phenotype may present with severe cardiomegaly, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and heart failure, which are associated with generalized muscle weakness and delay in motor development. Pulmonary involvement is characterized by recurrent respiratory infections and respiratory failure. Malnutrition, poor growth, feeding difficulties, macroglossia and hepatomegaly are also evident.

5-2 mg/kg) as well as maintenance with O2, N2O, and isoflurane. Electrocardiogram, heart rate, blood pressure, Spo2, end-tidal isoflurane concentration, BIS, and any clinical signs of inadequate depth of anesthesia such as movement, sweating, lacrimation, coughing, and jerking were continuously monitored and recorded at 16 fixed time points during anesthesia. Results: A median BIS of less than 70 (range: 42-68) was obtained

on all Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical occasions during surgery; however, at each milestone, at least 20% of the patients had BIS values above 60. Hemodynamic parameters increased significantly in some patients, especially during laryngoscopy and intubation. No patient experienced recall or awareness. Conclusion: The currently used general anesthetic learn more technique in our center appears inadequate in some milestones to reliably produce BIS values less than 60, which are associated with lower risk of awareness. Therefore, with respect to such desirable outcomes as good Apgar and clinical status in

neonates, we would recommend the application of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical this method (if confirmed by further studies) through larger dosages of anesthetic agents. Key Words: Bispectral index, Awareness, Recall, Cesarean section Introduction Adequate anesthesia Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to prevent pain, awareness, and recall is the major role of the anesthesiologist. This is achieved by a balanced administration of analgesic, hypnotic, and amnesic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical drugs. Some different methods are used to evaluate the depth of anesthesia during different types of surgeries; these include spontaneous surface electromyogram (SEMG), lower esophageal contractility (LOC), heart rate variability (HRV),

and electroencephalogram and its derived indices.1,2 Cesarean section (C/S) renders parturient patients at risk of inadequate Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical anesthesia because of rapid sequence induction, avoidance of opioids and Benzodiazepine until the delivery of the newborn, and limited volatile concentration.3,4 In a study in 2004, the risk of inadequate depth of anesthesia in C/S with Sevoflurane was 20- 45%.4 Therefore, the light plane of general anesthesia for the fetal safety during C/S may give rise to post-traumatic stress disorder.5, ever 6 It is clear that the prevention of inadequate depth of anesthesia is a very important goal and as such merits further research. The routine approach for evaluating the depth of anesthesia is the assessment of hemodynamic parameters and subjective signs such as movement, sweating, and lacrimation, which are not adequately sensitive and specific.7 Since 1977, several studies have sought to determine whether Bispectral Index (BIS) monitoring is a reliable tool for the analysis of the anesthetic depth.8 An FDA-approved method, the BIS is adequately sensitive for the evaluation of the depth of anesthesia and is believed to be useful for the detection of light anesthesia by processing the patient’s electroencephalogram (EEG).

However, only a few strains of A. marginale subspecies centrale are available for analysis. We suggest that resolution of this question should await genomic data on non-U.S. check details strains of both marginale and centrale, particularly strains from Africa. This would resolve whether there is a continuum of strain diversity among marginale strains eventually reaching that of the single currently sequenced centrale strain, originally isolated by Theiler in South Africa. A recent study [47] comparing membrane proteins from a Brazilian strain of A. marginale with Florida and St. Maries determined amino acid sequence

identities of 92–100% for all OMPs investigated except OMP7, compared to 40–70% identities with the A. marginale subspecies centrale orthologs. This suggests that the diversity observed here among U.S. strains of A. marginale may at least be representative of marginale strains in North and South

America. Finally, the data reveal the candidate vaccine antigens Libraries conserved among U.S. strains of A. marginale. The catalog includes conserved members of pfam01617, as well Vandetanib as components of the bacterial type 4 secretion system and proteins identified by surface cross-linking. Interestingly, it does include three proteins identified previously that contain epitopes shared with A. marginale subspecies centrale, namely OMP11 (AM1255), AM779 and AM854 [16]. However, overall the list is broader than just the antigens conserved between A. marginale sensu stricto and subspecies centrale. It also eliminates less conserved proteins and housekeeping genes which share epitopes between centrale and marginale. Additionally, although conserved, OMP6 and OPAG1 can probably be eliminated from consideration as vaccine candidates as no expressed peptides were detected from the encoding genes in any life cycle stages in prior studies [33] and [34]. This revised catalog of 19 antigens (see Table 4) would be readily approachable for synthesis by recombinant expression technology and inclusion in a multi-component Vasopressin Receptor vaccine for testing. The present genomic data and previous experimental data suggest that

such a vaccine may be efficacious against U.S. strains of A. marginale. These data also illustrate the utility of next-generation sequencing techniques for identification of antigens and epitopes conserved between multiple strains. While rapid sequencing has been used extensively, this study shows its utility in examination of repetitive genes. While these techniques cannot yet assemble a genome through extensive repetitive regions, they can show regions where there is genetic similarity or where homologous regions are missing in newly sequenced strains. We thank Drs. Guy Palmer and Katherine Kocan for making available strains of A. marginale and Dr. Savita Shanker for supervision of library construction and pyrosequencing.

Rates of improvement on YMRS scores were significantly higher with combined treatment (67.7% vs 44.7%; P<0.001) Improvement itself was higher too (-13.11 vs -9.10; P=0.003).

Those patients with mixed episodes KU-55933 presenting moderate -to-severe depressive symptoms (DSMIV criteria for mixed episode; Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [HAMD] at least 20 at baseline), olanzapine cotherapy improved HAMD scores to a greater extent (10.31 points compared with 1.57 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for mood stabilizer alone; P<0.001 ). A recent trial failed to prove any further benefit of the addition of olanzapine to carbamazepine as opposed to carbamazepine alone.68 One of the major drawbacks of olanzapine is its weight gain liability, and some tendency Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to increase glucose and lipid levels in blood in the longer term. Quetiapine Three hundred and two patients with an acute manic episode participated

in a double-blind trial being randomized to quetiapine, haloperidol, or placebo. At day 21 quetiapine had improved YM’RS score (-12.29 vs -8.32 for placebo; P< 0.01) At day 84 difference from placebo was also significant (-17.52 vs -9.48;P<0.001) At day 21 haloperidol-treated patients were significantly improved (-15.71; P<0.001) as well as at. Day 84 (-18.92; P<0.001).47 Quetiapine, lithium, and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical placebo were randomly administered to manic patients in a double-blind trial. This secondgeneration antipsychotic was significantly superior to placebo in reducing YMRS score and similar to lithium.21 A combined analysis of these two trials supported quetiapine as fast-acting and well tolerated in the treatment of

mania. Somnolence and hypotension were the main adverse events, which also included some weight, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical gain.69 Two randomized, double -blind, placebo-controlled studies were designed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of quetiapine when adjuncted to lithium or divalproex in the treatment of acute mania. In one of them, the quetiapine -mood stabilizer group had a significantly greater reduction in the YMRS score when compared with the placebo-mood stabilizer group (-13.76 vs -9.93; P=0.021). The response Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical rate (reduction of at least 50% of the YMRS score) was significantly higher in the quetiapine-mood stabilizer group from than in the placebo-mood stabilizer group (54.3% vs 32.6%; P=0.005) Clinical remission (YMRS score below 12) was also significantly higher (45.7% vs 25.8%;P=0.007).70 In the second study, quetiapine did not separate from placebo at study end point.71 One of the commonest side effects of quetiapine is sedation. Ziprasidone A 3-week double-blind trial randomized 210 patients with a manic or mixed episode either to ziprasidone or to placebo72 The study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of ziprasidone compared with placebo. Patients on ziprasidone improved relative to baseline and placebo on all primary and most secondary efficacy measures at end point. Measures included were Clinical.

Prabhu et al. developed and investigated liposomes of brimonidine tartrate for IOP lowering effects in glaucoma. The in vitro drug release showed constant delivery of therapeutics with linear release profile for extended time duration [68]. Also the in vivo IOP lowering effect was remarkably sustained after Dabrafenib supplier topical application. A potential limitation with many nanocarriers for ocular application is the

possibility of vitreous clouding after intravitreal injection. A recent study of latanoprost loaded liposome injected subconjunctivally in rabbit Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical eyes was reported, and the IOP lowering activity was compared with conventional daily administration of latanoprost eye drop [35]. Sustained delivery for about 50 days was achieved, and the liposomes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were well tolerated in vivo and no adverse effect in ocular tissue was observed with subconjunctival injection. Also, the IOP lowering

effect was superior to the conventional delivery of latanoprost by eye drops (as a standard of care option). The findings substantiated that local bioavailability and duration of action of latanoprost was improved with liposomal injection. 3. Challenges of Implantable Ocular Drug Delivery The attraction with Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical implantable drug delivery systems in ocular diseases/disorders could be attributed to many factors which include (1) intravitreal implantation would bypass the blood-retina barrier to enhance intraocular bioavailability; (2) sustained drug release Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical will reduce the need for daily dosing which could improve patient adherence to treatment; (3) prolonged drug release will alleviate/minimize side effects associated with repeated intravitreal injection

or systemic drug administration; and (4) effective drug delivery will avoid drug Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical wastage while maximizing the efficacy of treatment. Despite the advantages of using implantable drug delivery system (DDS), there are a number of challenges as enumerated (Figure 1). Figure 1 Challenges of implantable drug delivery systems in glaucoma. 3.1. Polymer-Drug Interaction Understanding the factors that influence polymer degradation and drug Dipeptidyl peptidase release will be important in achieving sustained ocular drug release. In this regard, the type of polymer (whether homopolymer or copolymer) and the molecular weight will play substantial roles in determining hydrophilicity and the rate of degradation. For example, the hydrophilic glycolide content in PLGA is a critical parameter in determining the matrix degradation kinetics and drug release rate. PLGA 50:50 (PLA:PGA) exhibits a faster degradation rate compared to PLGA 75:25 due to higher glycolic units. Similarly, PLGA 75:25 shows faster degradation than PLGA 85:15 [69]. Hence polymers with degradation rate varying from weeks to years can be fabricated by tuning lactide to glycolide units and lactide stereoisomeric composition [56]. Another factor that affects the degradation properties is the molecular weight.

23 With regard to the detrimental effects of free radicals on the structural integrity of membrane glycoconjugates and sperm function, we sought to use a non-toxic antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress. PF is a toxic antioxidant, while LC is a non-toxic antioxidant supposed to preserve the glycoconjugate content of the sperm. Therefore, it is http://www.selleckchem.com/products/PLX-4032.html postulated that adding LC could yield an intact sperm with a normal glycoconjugate pattern. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of LC and PF on the glycoconjugate content Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the testicular sperm membrane in vitro. We made use of three lectins: PNA to detect acrosome intact sperms; WGA to detect non-capacitated

sperms; and Con A to detect acrosome-reacted cells. Materials and Methods Animals Forty-eight male BALB/c mice, weighing 25-30 grams, were acclimatized to the laboratory condition (12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness at a temperature of 22-24ºC). The mice were kept ad libitum. The animal experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Lectins Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Fluorescein Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical isothiocynate (FITC)-conjugated lectins (Sigma, USA), including PNA, Con A, and WGA, were used to detect N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose, mannose, and sialic acid, respectively. WGA also detects N-acetylglucosamine. Sperm Preparation Forty-eight healthy

male mice were chosen for the experiments. Testes of 6 mice were removed from the animal under deep anesthesia. The testes were washed with saline and Ham’s F10 (Sigma, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical USA). Under a stereo microscope,

the tunica albuginea was separated from the testes, and seminiferous tubules were scattered by two syringes gently. In order to separate red blood cells, Ham’s F10 was added to the samples and centrifuged at 500 rpm for 10 minutes. The palette was transferred to a Petri dish, containing Ham’s F10, and cut into pieces. The sample was, thereafter, vortexed for one minute to extract the sperms from the tubules.24 The sample Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical was allowed to remain for one hour at room temperature 23 before it was centrifuged at 500 rpm for 10 minutes. The Leydig and Sertoli cells were placed on Tolmetin the bottom, and the supernatant contained sperms. The supernatant was centrifuged at 1200 rpm for 10 minutes. The palettes that contained sperms were resuspended in 1 mL of Ham’s F10.24 All the experiments were performed 8 times. Experimental Design One mL of the sperm sample was aliquoted into three parts. Equal volumes of Ham’s F10 and Ham’s F10 containing 3.6 mM of LC (Sigma, USA) or PF (Sigma, USA) were added to the aliquoted sperm samples. Therefore, the final concentration of 1.76 mM of LC or PF was obtained.19 Sperm Motility Assay Sperm motility was assessed 30 and 90 minutes after incubation at room temperature. All the motility assessments were performed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.