High levels of adherence are required to suppress levels of plasma HIV RNA [7], and incomplete adherence has been associated with virological rebound and the emergence of antiretroviral resistance [8]. The majority of research on adherence among IDUs has focused on individual-level barriers, including illicit drug use [9], lower self-efficacy [10, 11], and comorbid psychiatric conditions [12-14]; however, longer term trends in adherence among IDUs have not been well described.

Thus, the present study evaluated long-term adherence patterns among IDUs initiating ART between 1996 and 2009 in a setting of universal access to HIV care. Data for these analyses were collected through the AIDS Care Cohort to Evaluate Access to Survival Services (ACCESS), an ongoing community-recruited prospective cohort study of HIV-positive IDUs which has check details been described in detail previously [15, 16]. In brief, beginning in May 1996, participants were recruited through self-referral and street outreach from Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside, the local epicentre of drug-related transmission of HIV. At baseline and semi-annually, all HIV-positive participants provided blood samples

and completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire elicits demographic data as well as information about participants’ drug use, including information about type of drug, frequency of drug use, involvement in drug treatment and periods of abstinence. All participants provide informed consent and are remunerated $CDN20 for each study visit. The study is somewhat unusual in that the province of British Columbia not only delivers all HIV care free of charge through the province’s universal healthcare Talazoparib system but also has a centralized HIV treatment registry. This allows for the confidential linkage of participant survey data to a complete prospective profile of all HIV-related clinical monitoring and antiretroviral Tacrolimus (FK506) dispensation records.

The Providence Health Care/University of British Columbia Research Ethics Board reviewed and approved the ACCESS study. Participants were eligible for the present analysis if they initiated ART between May 1996 and December 2009. The primary outcome in this study was adherence to ART based on a previously validated measure of prescription refill compliance [17, 18]. Specifically, using data from the centralized ART dispensary, we defined adherence as the number of days for which ART was dispensed over the number of days an individual was eligible for ART in the year after ART was initiated. This calculation was restricted to each patient’s first year on therapy to limit the potential for reverse causation that could occur among patients who cease ART after they have become too sick to take medication [19, 20]. We have previously shown this measure of adherence to reliably predict both virological suppression [21-23] and mortality [17, 18]. As in previous studies, adherence was dichotomized as ≥95% versus <95% [21, 23, 24].

Interventions promoting Apitolisib clinical trial informative counselling on effective contraception, motherhood planning, and the prevention of MTCT are greatly needed in the setting of routine care of HIV-infected women. We acknowledge Women for Positive Action (WFPA), a global initiative established in response to the need to address specific concerns of women living and working with HIV. The DIDI Study Group stemmed from the WFPA Italia. Study coordinators: Antonella d’Arminio Monforte (Milan) and Adriana Ammassari (Rome). Study participants: Enza Anzalone (Frosinone), Teresa Bini (Milan), Antonella Castagna (Milan),

Anna Maria Cattalan (Rovigo), Gabriella D’Ettorre (Rome), Fiorella Di Sora (Rome), Daniela Francisci (Perugia), Miriam Gargiulo (Naples), Nicoletta Ladisa (Bari), Giuseppina Liuzzi (Rome), Tiziana Quirino (Busto Arsizio),

Raffaella Rosso (Genova), Maria Paola Trotta (Rome) and Francesca Vichi (Firenze). Experts: Antonella Cingolani (Rome) and Rita Murri (Rome). Statistician and data manager: Paola Cicconi (Milan) EPZ015666 research buy and Paola Pierro (Rome). “
“As access to antiretroviral drugs increases in developing countries, it will become increasingly important to monitor the emergence of resistance and to define the molecular pathways involved to identify optimal therapeutic regimens. We performed genotypic resistance testing on plasma obtained from 101 HIV-infected treatment-naïve Megestrol Acetate individuals from Mali. Genotyping was carried out using the Virco protocols and HXB2 was used as the reference strain. CRF02_AG was the most common subtype, present in 71.3% of our patient population. Other

subtypes included B, C, G, CRF06_CPX, CRF09_CPX, CRF01_AE, A2/CRF16_A2D, A1 and CRF13_CPX. A total of 9.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.9–12.9%] of patients had at least one resistance mutation. The prevalences of mutations conferring resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) were 5% (95% CI 0.7–9.2%), 6% (95% CI 1.3–10.6%) and 0%, respectively. The most frequent mutations were T215A/Y for NRTIs and K103N/T for NNRTIs. One patient harboured three NRTI resistance mutations and one NNRTI mutation. This is the first reported case of multi-drug-resistant viral transmission in Mali. Polymorphisms at protease codons 10I/V and 33F potentially associated with resistance were observed in 18.8% and 1% of patients, respectively. Several polymorphisms in the C-terminal domain of reverse transcriptase were observed: A371V (in 63.4% of patients), G335D (76.2%), E399D (10.9%) and G333E (1%). Primary resistance was seen in 9.9% of subjects, which is higher than previously reported in Mali.

It was recently reported that human neutrophils store abundant amounts of resistin in granules, which is released extracellularly upon inflammatory stimulation by bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli, or by selected bacterial components, such as streptococcal CX-4945 solubility dmso M protein and N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (Bostrom et al., 2009; Johansson et al., 2009; Kunnari et al., 2009). Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans, a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic coccobacillus, has been implicated

in periodontal diseases, especially aggressive periodontitis, and other infectious diseases, such as endocarditis (Zambon, 1985; Paturel et al., 2004; Haubek et al., 2008). It expresses several potential virulence factors thought to play roles in the modulation of inflammation, induction of tissue destruction, and inhibition of tissue repair (Wilson & Henderson, 1995). Leukotoxin, a virulence factor from A. actinomycetemcomitans, interacts with lymphocyte function-associated molecule 1 (LFA-1), which is a β2 integrin expressed on mammalian JQ1 molecular weight cells, and exhibits cytolytic activity towards polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and macrophages of humans and primates (Taichman et al., 1980, 1987). Furthermore, leukotoxin has been reported to induce degranulation of PMNs independent

of LFA-1 (Johansson et al., 2000). In this study, we examined whether neutrophil-derived resistin was released extracellularly by stimulation with several A. actinomycetemcomitans strains that express differing levels of leukotoxin and whether it was released by cytolysis or degranulation. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HK921 (strain JP2), HK912, and HK1604, which are minimally leukotoxic

strains, were grown in brain heart infusion broth (BHI; Difco Laboratories) at 37 °C in air plus 5% CO2. The three strains were a gift from Prof. Mogens Kilian, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. Escherichia coli strains were grown in Luria–Bertani medium (1% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% NaCl) at 37 °C with aeration. When necessary for the selection of recombinant strains, the medium was supplemented with ampicillin (100 mg L−1) and/or kanamycin PAK5 (25 mg L−1). The ltxA gene was inactivated in the HK921 strain by insertional mutagenesis as described previously (Hayashida et al., 2002). Briefly, a fragment of the ltxA gene (positions 615–2978 in the ORF of ltxA from strain HK921) was amplified from 1 ng of whole-cell DNA by PCR using the following primers: 5′-ACAACTTAATAAGTTAGGTGAAGCAC-3′ (615–640) The amplicon was cloned into pGEM-T Easy Vector (Promega) using E. coli XL-1 Blue for propagation. The resulting plasmid was termed ‘pGEM-ltxA.’ The kanamycin resistance gene from the 1.7-kb transprimer transposon in pGPS1.1 was inserted into the ltxA gene fragment in pGEM-ltxA using TnsABC transposase. The purified plasmid was introduced into A.

The transplanted uterine cervix had a pink color when observed transvaginally immediately after surgery. A biopsy was conducted as a control (Fig. 3A). On POD 11, on which the blood tacrolimus click here concentration had decreased, the color of the uterine cervix was black and rejection was suspected in both cases (Fig. 3B). In case 1, a biopsy gave the histopathological

findings shown in Figure 3(C) and Table 3. Immunohistochemical findings showed that CD8-positive lymphocytes were mainly present in lymphocytic infiltration in the epithelium and interstitium, and that the number of CD20-positive lymphocytes was small (Fig. 4a). In case 2, in contrast, the findings were small fragments in stratified squamous epithelia and keratinized material with many bacterial colonies and neutrophils; therefore, cervical interstitium could not be sampled (Fig. 3C). CD8-positive lymphocytes were also observed in delaminated epithelium, but no CD20-positive lymphocytes were found. These histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in

both cases were consistent with an acute rejection response. Complication of bacterial infection in the uterine cervix was suspected in both cases and transvaginal selleck inhibitor lavage and administration of an antibiotic agent were implemented. On POD 23, on which the tacrolimus concentration was high, case 1 showed an improved uterine cervix with a pink color, but in case 2 uterine stump diastasis and a light yellow vaginal secretion indicated suspected continued infection. In case 1, pathological

findings confirmed that thick keratinized materials and bacteria had disappeared and slight inflammatory cell infiltration was found in epithelia. Reactive changes were found in the stratified squamous epithelia, together aminophylline with inflammation of lymphocytes and neutrophils surrounding vessels in the interstitium. Swollen endothelial cells were observed, but there were no findings of endotheliitis (Fig. 5a,b). Immunohistochemical findings showed only mild infiltration of CD8-positive lymphocytes in the epithelium. The interstitium showed similar amounts of CD20-positive and CD8-positive lymphocytes, showing non-specific inflammation (Fig. 4b). These results indicate that rejection had resolved and only chronic inflammation remained. In case 2, stratified squamous epithelia were almost eliminated and severe erosion and moderate inflammation in the interstitium were observed, mainly with the presence of lymphocytes and neutrophils (Fig. 5c). In lymphocytes of the interstitium, the level of CD8-positive cells was slightly higher than that of CD20-positive cells, showing possible effects of rejection. On POD 67, by which time the blood tacrolimus concentration had stabilized, the transplanted uterine cervix had a good pink color in case 1, but was white in case 2. In case 1, pathological findings showed slight inflammatory cell infiltration in the epithelium or interstitium, and vascular changes were normal.

Data from the USA have shown that women are more likely than men to discontinue ART for poor adherence, dermatological symptoms,

neurological reasons, constitutional symptoms check details and concurrent medical conditions [14]. UK cohort data found 88.6% of men compared with 80.7% of women spent 100% of the first year after starting HAART actually on therapy [11]. Comparison of ATV/r with LPV/r found poorer virological outcomes in treatment-naïve women compared with men. Gender differences in efficacy were due to higher discontinuation rates in women than men in both treatment arms [6]. CNS side effects of varying severity can occur with EFV, particularly at the initiation of therapy. This may be partly explained by the greater EFV exposure associated with a CYP2B6 variant, more commonly found in Africans and African Americans [15]. In the UK population, this is of particular relevance to women, the majority of whom are of African ethnicity. NVP-associated rash occurs more frequently in women than men [16]. Hepatotoxicity associated with NVP is more common in women Selleckchem SB431542 with a CD4 cell count >250 cells/μL, restricts women’s use of the drug [17]. A systematic review of studies on gender and ART adherence published between 2000 and 2011 in the resource-rich

world concluded that overall reported adherence is lower in women than men [18]. However, of over 1000 studies initially identified for review, only 44 had adequate data on gender to allow any comparisons to

be made. The authors identified the particular factors for lower adherence in women were depression, lack of supportive interpersonal relationships, Thiamet G young age, drug and alcohol use, black ethnicity, ART of six or more pills per day, higher numbers of children, self-perception of abdominal fat gain, sleep disturbances and increased levels of distress. Concerns about potential fetal toxicity of ARVs have influenced prescribing practice in HIV-positive women. Of note, other than ZDV in the third trimester, no ARV drug has a licence for use in pregnancy. Pregnancy in women living with HIV who are already on effective therapy is increasing; 70% of HIV-positive pregnant women in the UK in 2010 were diagnosed before the current pregnancy, of which 60% were already on ART at conception [19]. Where newer drugs are available, women are conceiving on these agents, with ZDV now rarely used as first-line therapy for adults. European cohort data comparing pregnancies that were managed with ZDV-containing regimens vs. those without ZDV found no difference in risk of detectable VL at delivery, vertical transmission or congenital abnormality when comparing ZDV-sparing with ZDV-containing ART [20]. The most robust data on teratogenicity and first trimester ART exposure are from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) [21]. This international prospective reporting system records rates of congenital birth defects in babies born to women with exposure to ART at any stage of pregnancy.

It was next investigated whether the TA genes were located on a plasmid or the chromosome of the MRSA and PA isolates. The sequences directly upstream and downstream of the mazEFSa and relBEPa TA genes are highly conserved among the completed S. aureus and PA genomes in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genome database, whereas the flanking regions of parDEPa and higBAPa are conserved in

P. aeruginosa PAO1, LESB85 and UCBPP-PA14, but are different in strain PA7. Primers were designed (Table 1 and Fig. 1) to amplify the sequences flanking the TA genes based on the conserved sequence in S. aureus strains and in P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and PA7. In this experiment the presence of a PCR product would suggest chromosomal location of the TA systems. PCR analysis revealed that in 100% (78/78) of the MRSA isolates, the regions upstream and downstream of the mazEFSa genes were amplified Palbociclib price with the flanking region primers, suggesting a chromosomal location with sufficient homology to the S. aureus reference strains in the NCBI database. In the PA

isolates, both flanking regions of the parDEPa genes in all isolates (13/13, 100%) were amplified using primers homologous to the PAO1 reference sequence. The flanking regions of nearly all relBEPa genes (41/42, 97%) were amplified, except for strain 1284, for which no flanking region could be amplified. Amplification was observed for the downstream sequence of every higBAPa loci (42/42, 100%) as well as for the region upstream of higBAPa except for in 10 strains (32/42, AZD6244 cell line 76%). For these 10 strains, selleck antibody PCR was performed with various primers designed based on the PAO1 reference sequence, as well as primers designed to probe the upstream sequence of higBAPa observed in P. aeruginosa PA7; however, no product was amplified in any of these cases. All results from the flanking region PCR are listed in Table S2. DNA sequencing was performed on >10% of the PCR products to confirm the identity of the amplified sequence. Sequenced PCR products

revealed a strong sequence identity for the mazFSa upstream and downstream regions (91.5–98.6%) compared with the reference sequence from the S. aureus COL genome (Fig. S5). The flanking region PCR products of parDEPa (92.6–98.2%), relBEPa (96.2–99.4%), and higBAPa (91.8–99.4%) also showed strong sequence identity to the reference P. aeruginosa PAO1 sequence (Figs S6–S8). To determine whether the TA systems were transcribed by the clinical isolates, RT-PCR was performed with total RNA isolated from >10% of strains shown by PCR to contain the genes for each TA system. The oligonucleotide sequences of all primers used for RT-PCR are listed in Table 1, and Fig. 1 depicts the regions of homology. The mazEFSa transcript was detected from the total RNA of all nine MRSA strains probed by RT-PCR (Fig. 3a). Similarly, the transcripts for relBEPa (6/6), higBAPa (5/5), and parDEPa (3/3) transcripts were detected in all PA strains probed by RT-PCR (Fig. 3b).

We conducted a cross-sectional survey of women attending the HIV clinic between May and December 2011. Women were excluded if they were younger than 18 years, were accompanied by an adult or child aged 4 years or older, or were unable to give informed consent because of poor physical or mental health. We also excluded women with psychological conditions that the clinic’s psychology team felt placed them at high risk of severe distress as a consequence of participating. All participants were offered support from health 17-AAG advisors and psychologists.

They were also provided with information on local and national domestic violence agencies and generic HIV support agencies. Participants were asked whether they would like their clinic doctor to be provided with a copy of the questionnaire. If information was disclosed to the clinical team that raised serious concerns about the safety of the woman or any children, local clinic policies were followed for safeguarding children and vulnerable adults. Participants completed a standardized, structured questionnaire. It included the four questions in the HARK tool, which seeks to identify women experiencing physical, sexual or emotional IPV in the last year (see Fig. 1) [28]. The HARK tool was adapted from the Abuse Assessment Screen [29] and was validated against the Composite Abuse Scale [30]. We asked about experiences of IPV in the last

year and adapted the questions to ask about abuse experienced more than 1 year ago. We also asked about factors that have been associated with IPV

in previous studies, including age, ethnicity, level of educational attainment, employment, selleck kinase inhibitor immigration and marital status, parity, age at sexual debut, transactional sex, previous STIs, alcohol and substance misuse, history of mental health disorder, and past childhood physical and sexual abuse. The questionnaire was designed in consultation with experts in the field of IPV research and members of the clinic patient forum, and was piloted in 10 women. Trained Montelukast Sodium medical telephone interpreters were used with participants who did not speak sufficient English. For participants with poor literacy, the questionnaire was administered face to face by members of the research team. Relevant clinical data were obtained from medical records. IPV within the past 1 year was defined as having answered “yes” to at least one of the four HARK questions, with the experience occurring specifically within the past 1 year. We adapted the HARK questions to ask about lifetime IPV, and this was defined as answering “yes” to at least one of the four HARK adapted questions, with the experience having occurred at any point during a participant’s lifetime. Ethnicity was based on self-reported ethnicity and categorized as “African-born Black”, “other Black” (of Black ethnicity and born outside sub-Saharan Africa), “White” and “other” (comprising Asian and other ethnicities).

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. Practical Diabetes 2013; 30(4): 151–153 “
“The incidence of major amputation in diabetes varies up to 10-fold between primary care trusts (PCTs) in England. Historically, there have

been concerns about the reliability of databases which are used to obtain such figures, but the available evidence suggests that the documented variation is likely to be real. While a high prevalence of ethnic minorities may contribute to the low incidence observed in some PCTs, it is also thought the variation may relate largely to the structure of available specialist services. This paper reviews the factors which need to be considered in exploring possible explanations for the variation which has been observed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons. “
“The electronic age is bringing advances in the treatment of diabetes, and this is important because the

complications of diabetes remain Erlotinib cost GSK3 inhibitor despite the availability of effective therapeutic tools such as insulin. These developments focus on the need to deliver accurately timed and sized doses for predicted blood glucose levels. In this review, blood monitoring methods are discussed since, although the chemistry remains based on the enzymic oxidation of glucose, the display, storage and manipulation of data have transformed recently to engage with smartphone users. Continuous glucose monitoring sensing (CGMS) types are described along with an appreciation of the shortcomings of sensor technology. The discussion includes responses to other barriers to CGMS use for reducing the HbA1c value safely so that hypoglycaemia can be avoided. The newer pumps and the emergence of the minimalised patch pumps and patch pens are described. This includes the moves to attract more type 2 users to pump use, addresses the perceived obtrusiveness noted by younger users, and reviews the obstacles to rolling out pump use more widely in the UK. Penultimately, after reference to

islet implants, the combination of the continuous sensing and conventional pump strategies to form a closed 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase loop system is described, including a summary of the electronic algorithms and the clinical performance of systems in research settings. The review closes with an explanation of how other closed loop systems have been developed including the peritoneal Medtronic and the DiaPort and a smart gel, non-electronic design. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. “
“Type 2 diabetes is common and is associated with progressive beta cell loss, insulin deficiency, organ damage and effects on mental health and wellbeing. The current management focus is on stringent blood glucose control (HbA1c <7% [53mmol/mol]) and early insulin initiation. Insulin is a high-risk medicine and is associated with a high rate of errors, adverse events and admissions to hospital.

96, P < 0.001). This suggests that ongoing LIP activity even before the stimulus array is presented was more likely to influence

the outcome of the behavioral trial. No significant difference was apparent during the stimulus presentation interval (t-test, t123 = 0.78, P > 0.4), although we saw a trend towards higher dlPFC values after ~150 ms, at the time interval when a significant difference between salient stimulus and distractors emerges in both areas. A higher choice probability in LIP neurons than in dlPFC neurons was also observed in the second 0.5 s of the delay period (t-test, t123 = −3.09, P < 0.01). The results indicate that higher firing rate of LIP neurons during the fixation and the delay period is more likely to result in correct performance of the task involving discrimination of a salient stimulus when it appears in the neuron's preferred location. check details The analysis presented so far was performed with trials in which a salient stimulus appeared in neurons’ preferred location; these are characterized by a greater neural response to the salient

stimulus than to the distractors. Suppression of responses to non-target stimuli could also be an important factor in detecting the salient stimulus correctly. To further investigate how the response to distractors affects behavioral Ceritinib nmr choice, we conducted an analysis of trials in which a distractor instead of the salient stimulus appeared in the neuron’s receptive field (Fig. 4). PTK6 A total of 73 neurons from dlPFC and 57 neurons from LIP were used in this analysis. In contrast to the trials with the salient stimulus in the receptive field, the firing rate of trials with the distractor in the receptive field (dlPFC, 1243 trials; LIP: 665 trials) tended to be higher in error than in correct trials (dlPFC, 1341 trials; LIP: 1108 trials); this was true for both areas (Fig. 4A

and B). Choice probability was now generally lower than 0.5; it was significantly different from 0.5 for both dlPFC and LIP during the cue (t-test; PFC, t72 = −4.89, P < 10−5; LIP, t56 = −4.63, P < 10−4) and delay period (t-test; PFC, t72 = −7.38, P < 10−9; LIP, t56 = −2.62, P < 0.05). A difference between dlPFC and LIP in the average choice probability was again present during the fixation (t-test, t128 = 2.04, P < 0.05) and the first 0.5 s of the delay period (t-test, t128 = −2.24, P < 0.05). Similar to the condition of the salient stimulus in the receptive field, LIP activity during the fixation period correlated more strongly with behavioral choice than the equivalent activity in dlPFC, though in this condition (when distractors appeared in the receptive field) elevated LIP activity during the fixation period was associated with a higher probability of an erroneous report. Elevated activity in dlPFC during the delay period affected the behavioral outcome more than did LIP activity, again being associated with an error when the distractor was in the receptive field.

96, P < 0.001). This suggests that ongoing LIP activity even before the stimulus array is presented was more likely to influence

the outcome of the behavioral trial. No significant difference was apparent during the stimulus presentation interval (t-test, t123 = 0.78, P > 0.4), although we saw a trend towards higher dlPFC values after ~150 ms, at the time interval when a significant difference between salient stimulus and distractors emerges in both areas. A higher choice probability in LIP neurons than in dlPFC neurons was also observed in the second 0.5 s of the delay period (t-test, t123 = −3.09, P < 0.01). The results indicate that higher firing rate of LIP neurons during the fixation and the delay period is more likely to result in correct performance of the task involving discrimination of a salient stimulus when it appears in the neuron's preferred location. www.selleckchem.com/products/Lapatinib-Ditosylate.html The analysis presented so far was performed with trials in which a salient stimulus appeared in neurons’ preferred location; these are characterized by a greater neural response to the salient

stimulus than to the distractors. Suppression of responses to non-target stimuli could also be an important factor in detecting the salient stimulus correctly. To further investigate how the response to distractors affects behavioral Panobinostat research buy choice, we conducted an analysis of trials in which a distractor instead of the salient stimulus appeared in the neuron’s receptive field (Fig. 4). isothipendyl A total of 73 neurons from dlPFC and 57 neurons from LIP were used in this analysis. In contrast to the trials with the salient stimulus in the receptive field, the firing rate of trials with the distractor in the receptive field (dlPFC, 1243 trials; LIP: 665 trials) tended to be higher in error than in correct trials (dlPFC, 1341 trials; LIP: 1108 trials); this was true for both areas (Fig. 4A

and B). Choice probability was now generally lower than 0.5; it was significantly different from 0.5 for both dlPFC and LIP during the cue (t-test; PFC, t72 = −4.89, P < 10−5; LIP, t56 = −4.63, P < 10−4) and delay period (t-test; PFC, t72 = −7.38, P < 10−9; LIP, t56 = −2.62, P < 0.05). A difference between dlPFC and LIP in the average choice probability was again present during the fixation (t-test, t128 = 2.04, P < 0.05) and the first 0.5 s of the delay period (t-test, t128 = −2.24, P < 0.05). Similar to the condition of the salient stimulus in the receptive field, LIP activity during the fixation period correlated more strongly with behavioral choice than the equivalent activity in dlPFC, though in this condition (when distractors appeared in the receptive field) elevated LIP activity during the fixation period was associated with a higher probability of an erroneous report. Elevated activity in dlPFC during the delay period affected the behavioral outcome more than did LIP activity, again being associated with an error when the distractor was in the receptive field.