FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008,285(2):170–176.PubMedCrossRef Selleck AZD2281 68. Camara M, Boulnois GJ, Andrew PW, Mitchell TJ: A neuraminidase from Streptococcus pneumoniae has the features of a surface protein. Infect Immun 1994,62(9):3688–3695.PubMed 69. Obert C, Sublett J, Kaushal D, Hinojosa E, Barton T, Tuomanen EI, Orihuela CJ: Identification of a Candidate Streptococcus pneumoniae core genome and regions of diversity correlated with invasive pneumococcal disease. Infect Immun 2006,74(8):4766–4777.PubMedCrossRef

70. Yamaguchi M, Terao Y, Mori Y, Hamada S, Kawabata S: PfbA, a novel plasmin- and fibronectin-binding protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae, contributes to fibronectin-dependent adhesion and antiphagocytosis. J Biol Chem 2008,283(52):36272–36279.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions CF participated in the design of the study, carried out and analyzed all the experiments. The Robiomol platform (BG and MNS) participated in the gene cloning procedures. BG conceived the program for the Hamilton robot. MB and LR participated in protein purification and ELISA experiments. AMDG and CF conceived the study; AMDG and TV coordinated the study; CF, AMDG and TV drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved

the final manuscript.”
“Background The quorum sensing Adriamycin chemical structure (QS) mechanism allows bacteria to sense their population density and synchronize individual activity into cooperative community behaviour selleck chemicals [1–3], which appears to provide bacterial pathogens an obvious competitive advantage over their hosts in pathogen-host interaction. In Gram-negative

bacteria, in addition to the well-characterized AHL-type QS signals and AI-2, DSF-family signals have recently been reported in a range of plant and human bacterial pathogens, including Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), Xyllela fastidiosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Burkholderia cenocepacia [4–9]. In Xcc, DSF has been characterized as cis-11-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid [5]. The putative enoyl-CoA hydratase RpfF is a key SC75741 research buy enzyme for DSF biosynthesis [4, 10]. The DSF signalling system comprises several key regulatory proteins and a second messenger cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). Among them, the RpfC/RpfG two-component system is involved in sensing and transduction of DSF signal through a conserved phosphorelay mechanism [10–12]; RpfG functions in turnover of the second messenger c-di-GMP and Clp is a novel c-di-GMP receptor [12, 13], which regulates the expression of DSF-dependent genes directly or indirectly via two downstream transcription factors Zur and FhrR [14]. In Xylella fastinosa, the structure of the DSF-like signal was characterized tentatively as 12-methyl-tetradecanoic acid by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-EI-MS) analysis [6]. The DSF-like signal molecule (BDSF) from B. cenocepacia has been purified and characterized as cis-dodecenoic acid [9].

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986, 83:6297–301.CrossRefPubMed 14. Takano K, Nakabeppu Y, Sekiguchi M: Functional sites of the Ada regulatory protein of Escherichia coli. Analysis by amino acid substitutions. J Mol Biol 1988, 201:261–271.CrossRefPubMed 15. Joyce AR, Palsson BØ: The model organism as a system: integrating ‘omics’ data sets. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006, 7:198–210.CrossRefPubMed

16. Ideker T, Thorsson V, Ranish JA, Christmas R, Buhler J, Eng JK, Bumgarner R, Goodlett DR, Aebersold R, Hood mTOR inhibitor L: Integrated genomic and proteomic analyses of a systematically perturbed metabolic network. Science 2001, 292:929–934.CrossRefPubMed 17. Yoon SH, Han MJ, Lee SY, Jeong KJ, Yoo JS: Combined transcriptome and proteome analysis of Escherichia coli during high cell density culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003, 81:753–767.CrossRefPubMed AZD0156 in vivo 18. Duy NV, Mäder U, Tran NP, Cavin JF, Tam LT, Albrecht D, Hecker M, Antelmann H: The proteome and transcriptome analysis of Bacillus subtilis

in response to salicylic acid. Proteomics 2007, 7:698–710.CrossRefPubMed 19. Nguyen VD, Wolf C, Mäder U, Lalk M, Langer P, Lindequist U, Hecker M, Antelmann H: Transcriptome and proteome analyses in response to 2-methylhydroquinone and 6-brom-2-vinyl-chroman-4-on reveal different degradation systems involved in the catabolism of aromatic compounds in Bacillus subtilis. Proteomics 2007, 7:1391–1408.CrossRefPubMed 20. Landini P, Busby SJ: Expression of the Escherichia coli ada regulon in stationary phase: evidence for rpoS-dependent negative regulation of alkA transcription. J Bacteriol http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html 1999, 181:6836–6839.PubMed 21. Landini P, Volkert MR: Regulatory responses of the adaptive response to alkylation damage: a simple regulon with complex regulatory features. J Bacteriol 2000, 182:6543–6549.CrossRefPubMed 22. Blattner FR, Plunkett G III, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, Collado-Vides J, Glasner JD, Rode CK, Mayhew GF, Gregor J, Davis NW, Kirkpatrick

HA, Goeden MA, Rose DJ, Mau B, Shao Y: The complete genome see more sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science 1997, 277:1453–1469.CrossRefPubMed 23. Hengge-Aronis R: Signal transduction and regulatory mechanisms involved in control of the σ S (RpoS) subunit of RNA polymerase. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2002, 66:373–395.CrossRefPubMed 24. Neidhardt FC, Curtiss R III, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Scharchter M, Umbarger HE: Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology ASM Press, Washington DC. 1996, 2277–2294. 25. Chilcott GS, Hughes KT: Coupling of flagellar gene expression to flagellar assembly in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000, 64:694–708.CrossRefPubMed 26. Ninfa EG, Stock A, Mowbray S, Stock J: Reconstitution of the bacterial chemotaxis signal transduction system from purified components.

Therefore, a number of further studies with large sample sizes are needed to address this issue. Several limitations might be included in this study. Since most of the included studies have conducted on Asians and a few on Caucasians, the results must be interpreted with caution. Further studies concerning populations in other areas such as African and American are required to diminish the ethnic variation-produced biases. Additionally, GDC-0449 clinical trial a possible publication bias might have been introduced as only published studies written in English and Chinese as well as French that could be searched from Medline database were included. Notably, we did

not use the funnel plots and Egger’s linear regression test [33] for assessment of any possible publication biases because of the limited number of the included studies. Moreover, many factors may affect the results the funnel plots, leading to a misunderstanding of the publication biases [34, 35]. However, the fail-safe numbers failed to indicate evident publication biases. In this study, the

sample sizes of several studies in the meta-analyses are rather small, and, the pooled analyses were based upon a thousand cases and a thousand controls, buy PCI-32765 which are under power to give a confirmed conclusion. Only two studies CH5183284 nmr include three hundred cases and rest studies included less than one hundred cases. Authors need more cautions about their results. Furthermore, the controls of several studies were hospital-based normal individuals or patients with other diseases. 5-Fluoracil datasheet In addition, whether

the NPC and control groups were from the same socio-economic status or the same geographic area have not been clearly stated in some of the original papers. Hence, any selection biases might exist. Therefore, a number of further investigations regarding GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and NPC risk are required. In conclusion, the data of the present meta-analyses indicate GSTM1 polymorphism as a risk factor for NPC and failed to show a significant association of GSTT1 polymorphism with NPC risk. Acknowledgements This work was supported by no funds. References 1. Lin CL, Lo WF, Lee TH, Ren Y, Hwang SL, Cheng YF, Chen CL, Chang YS, Lee SP, Rickinson AB, Tam PK: Immunization with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) peptide-pulsed dendritic cells induces functional CD8+ T-cell immunity and may lead to tumor regression in patients with EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Res 2002, 62: 6952–6958.PubMed 2. O’Neil JD, Owen TJ, Wood VH, Date KL, Valentine R, Chukwuma MB, Arrand JR, Dawson CW, Young LS: Epstein-Barr virus-encoded EBNA1 modulates the AP-1 transcription factor pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and enhances angiogenesis in vitro. J Gen Virol 2008, 89: 2833–2842.

ZD55-Sur-EGFP could kill colorectal cancer cells more powerfully compared with other groups (Fig 6). Figure 6 Cells were transfected with ZD55-Sur-EGFP, ZD55-EGFP ADS-Sur-EGFP and AD-EGFP respectively at MOI of 5. On 1 to 5 days post transfection, cells were subjected to MTT assay. This diagram shows the result of cell viability in each group. *P < 0.0001 vs other groups. Apoptosis induced by adenoviruses As shown in Fig 7, the transfection of oncolytic adenoviruse with Survivin shRNA remarkably increased apoptotic populations in SW480 and LoVo cells by FCM analysis. The apoptotic rate in cancer cells selleck inhibitor transfected with ZD55-Sur-EGFP (68.02% and 63.79%) was of great statistic significance

compared with ZD55-EGFP (10.46% and 13.38%), AD-Sur-EGFP (27.57% and 31.09%) and AD-EGFP (6.14 and 6.74%) groups Figure Selleckchem AZD5363 7 Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The apoptotic rates of SW480 and LoVo cells infected with ZD55-Sur-EGFP were obviously higher (68.02% ± 6.88% and 63.79% ± 6.06%; P < 0.0001) than that of ZD55-EGFP (10.46% ± 2.31% and 13.38% ± 3.05%), AD-Sur-EGFP (27.57% ± 2.49% and 31.09% ± 2.68%) and AD-EGFP groups (6.14% ± 0.72% and 6.74% ± 0.47%). To confirm the apoptosis was mediated by caspase activation, we next examined the caspase-3 activation by immunoblot analysis. In both SW480 and LoVo

cells, the Bafilomycin A1 chemical structure cleaved fragments of caspase-3 increased along with the decrease of procaspase-3 Sitaxentan in ZD55-Sur-EGFP and AD-Sur-EGFP infected groups, and the activation of caspase-3 was more obvious in ZD55-Sur-EGFP group. Infections with ZD-EGFP and AD-EGFP did not affect the status of caspase-3 (Fig 8). Figure 8 Effect of adenoviruses on caspase-3 activity in SW480 and LoVo cells. Western blot analysis was performed 48 h post infection. The activation of caspase-3 (demonstrated as increased expression of cleaved fragments

of caspase-3) was more obvious in ZD455-Sur-EGFP group (D) than in AD-Sur-EGFP group (C), whereas AD-EGFP (A) and ZD55-EGFP (B) did not actvivate caspase-3. Effects of AD-Sur-EGFP on in vivo xenograft tumor model To further investigate the antitumor effect of oncolytic adenovirus mediated Survivin knock down on the in vivo CRC tumor growth. SW480 cells suspended in serum free medium were subcutaneously implanted into nude mice and various adenoviruses were injected via tail vein. 60 days later the mice were sacrificed and tumors were resected. The PBS treated group outgrowth other groups (2536.44 mm3 in volume). The mean volume of ZD55-Sur-EGFP group was 108.80 mm3, which was much smaller than the ZD55-EGFP group (863.56 mm3), AD-Sur-EGFP group (1224.97 mm3), AD-EGFP group (2278.21 mm3) and PBS treated group (Fig 9a,b). Figure 9 Antitumor effects of oncolytic virus mediated Survivin RNAi in nude mice xenograft tumor model. 4-week-old female BALBC/C nude mice were injected subcutaneously with SW480 cells and then with adenoviruses injected through the tail vein.

PubMedCrossRef 10. Gilleland HE Jr, Parker MG, Matthews JM, Berg RD: Use of a purified outer membrane protein F (porin) preparation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Fludarabine(Fludara).html protective Selleck PRIMA-1MET vaccine in mice. Infect Immun 1984, 44:49–54.PubMed 11. Gilleland HE Jr, Gilleland LB, Matthews-Greer JM: Outer membrane protein F preparation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a vaccine against chronic pulmonary infection with heterologous immunotype strains in a rat model. Infect Immun 1988, 56:1017–1022.PubMed 12. von Specht BU, Lucking HC, Blum B, Schmitt A, Hungerer KD, Domdey H: Safety and

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nanoparticles. J Phys Chem #VRT752271 randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# 2006, 110:1518–1523.CrossRef 32. Stojanovic N, Berg JM, Maithripala DHS, Holtz M: Direct Selleck YH25448 measurement of thermal conductivity of aluminum nanowires. Appl Phys Lett 2009, 95:091905.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions KT carried out the numerical analysis and drafted the manuscript. YL and MS conceived the study, participated in its design, and helped to finalize the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background The interest in developing superior nanomaterials has seen tremendous progress in terms of nanofabrication, nanopatterning, and nano-self-assembly [1–3]. These progresses generated a wealth family of novel, engineered structures with desirable shape and electronic and optical properties [4–6]. These not only give researchers the foundation for basic physics phenomena that are not seen in bulk materials but also provided a wide range of application opportunities. A good example is the plasmonic nanostructures; particularly, Au and Ag nanoparticles

are the most Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK studied nanomaterials [7–9]. The mature solution-based synthesis techniques for Au and Ag nanostructures have enabled size, shape, and inter-particle spacing controllable solutions or arrays. They have demonstrated strong absorption and scattering resonance in a wide range of wavelength, which is now actively applied in functional devices and systems such as surface plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [10], solar cells [11, 12], as well as lasers [13, 14]. The advantages of nanomaterials are not limited to single component but should be extended to the possibilities to combine different nanocomponents into hybrid/composite structures [15, 16]. Hybrid materials feature merits from two or more components and potentially synergistic properties caused by interactions between them. Interactions can be very strong as both the building blocks and separation between them have nanoscale dimensions [17, 18]. For instance, it is well studied that nanoscale emitters benefit from metal nanoparticle or nanofilm surroundings [13, 19, 20].

J Infect Dis 2004, 189:2094–2100.PubMedCrossRef 16. Van Stelten A, Simpson JM, Ward TJ, Nightingale KK: Revelation by single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping that mutations leading to a premature stop codon in inlA are common selleck compound among Listeria monocytogenes isolates from ready-to-eat foods but not human listeriosis cases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010, 76:2783–2790.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 17. Témoin S, Roche SM, Grépinet O, Fardini Y, Velge P: Multiple point mutations in virulence genes explain the low virulence of Listeria monocytogenes field

strains. Microbiol 2008, 154:939–948.CrossRef 18. Camejo A, Carvalho F, Reis O, Leitão E, Sousa S, Cabanes D: The arsenal of virulence factors deployed by Listeria monocytogenes to promote its cell infection cycle. Virulence 2011, 2:379–394.PubMedCrossRef 19. Bakker HC, Cummings CA, Ferreira V, Vatta P, Orsi RH, Degoricija L, Barker M, Petrauskene O, Furtado MR, Wiedmann M: Comparative genomics

of the bacterial genus Listeria : genome evolution is characterized by limited gene acquisition and limited gene loss. BMC Genomics 2010, 11:688.CrossRef 20. Hain T, Ghai R, Billion A, Kuenne CT, Steinweg selleck C, Izar B, Mohamed W, Mraheil MA, Domann E, Schaffrath S, Kärst U, Goesmann A, Oehm S, Pühler A, Merkl R, Vorwerk S, Glaser P, Garrido P, Rusniok C, Buchrieser C, Goebel W, Chakraborty T: Comparative genomics and transcriptomics of lineages I, II, and III strains of Listeria monocytogenes . BMC Genomics 2012, 13:144.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 21. Bierne H, Cossart P: Listeria monocytogenes surface proteins: from genome predictions to function. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007, 71:377–397.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Exoribonuclease 22. Abachin E, Poyart C, Pellegrini E, Milohanic E, Fiedler F, Berche P, Trieu-Cuot P: Formation of D-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid is required for adhesion and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes . Mol Microbiol 2002, 43:1–14.PubMedCrossRef 23. Bubert A, Kuhn M, Goebel W, Köhler S: Structural and functional

properties of the p60 proteins from Selleck Epacadostat different Listeria species. J Bacteriol 1992, 174:8166–8171.PubMedCentralPubMed 24. Pilgrim S, Kolb-Mäurer A, Gentschev I, Goebel W, Kuhn M: Deletion of the gene encoding p60 in Listeria monocytogenes leads to abnormal cell division and loss of actin-based motility. Infect Immun 2003, 71:3473–3484.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 25. Rasmussen OF, Skouboe P, Dons L, Rossen L, Olsen JE: Listeria monocytogenes exists in at least three evolutionary lines: evidence from flagellin, invasive associated protein and listeriolysin O genes. Microbiol 1995, 141:2053–2061.CrossRef 26. Schmid M, Walcher M, Bubert A, Wagner M, Wagner M, Schleifer KH: Nucleic acid-based, cultivation-independent detection of Listeria spp. and genotypes of L. monocytogenes . FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003, 35:215–225.PubMedCrossRef 27. Cabanes D, Dehoux P, Dussurget O, Frangeul L, Cossart P: Surface proteins and the pathogenic potential of Listeria monocytogenes .

Furthermore, post-translational modifications of the TERT protein through phosphorylation or ubiquitination have been shown to affect the catalytic activity and stability of TERT [34]. Anyhow, our data suggest that mutation of the TERT promoter causes telomerase reactivation in MLS and thereby most probably provides unlimited selleckchem proliferative potential. This assumption is also underpinned by a reporter gene assay of the two most common mutation variants within the promoter region of TERT, namely C228T and C250T, which were shown to lead to an augmented expression of TERT[12]. Further, the high prevalence of TERT promoter mutations not only

in MLS round cell variants but also in MLS with a pure myxoid phenotype, and this irrespective of tumor grading, find more implies that these mutations act rather as driver than passenger mutations. TERT promoter mutations might also have a diagnostic impact in myxoid sarcomas. Mutations were found neither in dedifferentiated GSK3326595 ic50 liposarcomasa (DDLS), nor in pleomorphic liposarcomas (PLS), which presented myxoid areas in many cases, and were also not detectable in our series of myxofibrosarcomas, extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas, dermatofibrosarcomata

protuberans, and low-grade fibromyxoid sarcomas. The absence of TERT promoter hotspot mutations in our series of DDLS and PLS is in line with previous studies, which largely observed deficient telomerase activity in high-grade liposarcomas. Instead, high-grade liposarcomas often use the ALT mechanism [28, 35, 36]. ALT overcomes telomere attrition through homologous recombination of telomeric DNA and characteristically presents with a pattern of telomere lengths that range from very short to abnormally long. This telomere pattern is clearly Oxymatrine different compared to tumors

with telomerase reactivation, where telomere length is found almost equal [36].It has been shown that ALT-positive liposarcomas have a notably worse outcome, and may imply a more favorable prognosis for TERT promoter mutated liposarcomas [28, 37, 38]. However, differences in patients outcome might be dedicated to the fact that telomere maintenance via ALT is more often applied by tumors with complex karyotypes or with a higher level of genomic instability [39, 40], whereas sarcomas characterized by type specific translocations rather use telomerase reactivation for telomere maintenance [39, 41]. According to our data, this concept holds true for the group of liposarcomas. MLS are characterized by a translocation that fuses the DDIT3 (CHOP) gene on chromosome 12q13 with the FUS (TLS) gene on chromosome 16p11 in approximately 90% of cases, or the DDIT3 (CHOP) with the EWSR1 on chromosome 22q12 in the remaining cases [42].

These were not wetland dwellers; instead they eFT-508 in vivo inhabited a variety of habitat types (Paxinos et al. 2002). Canada geese can strongly affect native plant community composition and reduce the abundance of native species (Haramis and Kearns 2007). The extinction of the Hawaiian species probably severely altered Hawaiian plant communities and populations, possibly in a manner analogous to what was described by Dirzo and Miranda (1990) for tropical

plant communities when native mammalian grazers and browsers are extirpated. They described a significant reduction in plant species diversity in areas missing large vertebrate browsers and grazers and a shift to increased numerical dominance by a few species. Understanding the ecological significance of pig impacts on “native” biotic communities may thus be further confounded

learn more by the impacts generated by the extinction of native flightless geese and ducks.” In the Conclusion part on page no. 5 the Author would like to replace the following sentence “Despite the many potential negative impacts to native biota and ecosystems generated by pig activities, eliminating the pig from Hawaiian Islands remains difficult if not impossible, mostly because many Hawaiians further value it for its cultural, and religious significance (Stone 1985).” with “Despite the many potential negative impacts to native biota and ecosystems generated by pig activities, eliminating the pig from Hawaiian Islands remains difficult if not impossible, mostly because many Hawaiians value the selleck screening library pig for its recreational value (Stone 1985), while indigenous Hawaiians further value it for its cultural and religious significance (Mueller-Dombois and Wirawan 2005).” Also the following references are to be added in the References: 1. Dirzo R, Miranda A (1990) Contemporary Neotropical defaunation and forest structure, function, and diversity—a sequel to John Terborgh. Conserv Biol 4:444–447   2. Haramis GM, Kearns GD (2007) Herbivory by resident geese: the loss and recovery of wild rice along the tidal patuxent river. J Wildl Manag 71:788–794   3. Mueller-Dombois D, Wirawan N (2005) The Kahana Valley Ahupua‘a, a PABITRA

study site on O‘ahu, Hawaiian Islands. Pac Sci 59:293–314   4. Paxinos EE, James HF, Olson Olopatadine SL, Sorenson MD, Jackson J, Fleischer RC (2002) mtDNA from fossils reveals a radiation of Hawaiian geese recently derived from the Canada goose (Branta canadensis). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:1399–1404″
“Erratum to: Biodivers Conserv DOI 10.​1007/​s10531-009-9635-1 In the original version of this article under the “Discussion” section, the third paragraph currently reads: “Seven dry forest taxa with hermaphroditic breeding systems, autochorous dispersal, conspicuous flowers, and dry fruit have range sizes of five islands or larger are federally at risk of endangerment: Caesalpinia kavaiensis, Erythrina sandwicensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Hibiscus kokio, Sesbania tomentosa, Sida fallax, and Sophora chrysopylla.

This is because the higher-order plasmon modes are excited. Therefore, the higher plasmonic modes are followed by higher absorption, which is accordance with the observations in [11]. Particles with diameters of 200 and 300 nm are investigated, too. Both particles show similar pattern with broadening the spectrum to the red light wavelength of Q s. These calculations show that the metallic nano-particle will have a broad spectrum of scattering for particles with a diameter larger than 100 nm; therefore, it is possible to enhance click here the absorption over a broad spectrum when the solar cell is placed beneath

the metallic particles. Moreover, besides the scattering from the metallic nano-particle to the thin film, the surface plasmon of the metallic nano-particles can trap the incident lights to the thin film, too. Thus, the thin film solar cell absorption is enhanced by the metallic nano-particles in two ways: surface plasmons and scattering. this website The LT of a thin film of a-Si with metallic nano-particles on its top is investigated. The metallic nano-particles are patterned on the a-Si thin film as shown in Figure 1a, where Λ is the period of the array; D and h are the side length and the height of the nano-block, respectively; t is the thickness of the a-Si thin film.

We choose gold as the metal in this investigation; its optical properties are described by a dispersive complex dielectric function [16], and the optical properties of the a-Si are taken from Sopra N&K Database (Sopra Group, Belfast,

Ireland). We CUDC-907 chemical structure applied the finite difference time domain (FDTD) software of MEEP [17] to simulate the metallic nano-particles on a-Si thin film. The sketch of the unit cell for the FDTD is shown in Figure 1b. A plane wave impinges on the metallic nano-particle array with an incident angle of θ. The orientation of the incidence plane is located by the azimuthally angle φ measured from the x-axis. In the simulation, the metallic array is illuminated with the plane wave normal to the metal film (at θ = 0 and φ = 0). In these simulations, the a-Si:H thin film is sitting in the middle of new a computing unit cell (shown in Figure 1b), the metallic nano-particle is placed on the a-Si thin film, and the boundary conditions of the unit cell are set as periodically (Bloch-periodic in both x and y directions). Two perfect match layers (PMLs) are put at both ends (z direction) in the unit cell. Next to the PML on the right side, a plane wave source is set to illuminate the thin film with metallic nano-particles on it, and two detectors are put into the unit cell to measure the transmission spectra by computing the fluxes of these Fourier-transformed electric fields. It is important to setup proper thickness of the PMLs to reduce numerical reflection. The thicknesses of the PMLs are dependent on the working wavelength.