Typhimurium to these compounds results in a negative regulation of ompW. By EMSA and using transcriptional fusions, we demonstrate that the global regulator ArcA binds to the ompW promoter region. Furthermore, we show that ompW negative regulation observed in wild type cells treated with H2O2 and HOCl was not retained Selleckchem Mdivi1 in an arcA or arcB mutant strain, indicating that the ArcAB two component system mediates ompW negative regulation in response to H2O2 and HOCl. These results further expand our knowledge in both the mechanisms of ROS resistance and the role of ArcAB in this process. Results and discussion The OmpW porin facilitates H2O2 and

HOCl diffusion through the OM and reconstituted proteoliposomes Hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid are ROS generated by phagocytic cells and in order to enter Gram-negative bacteria they must be able to cross the OM. Even though several PI3K inhibitor biological membranes are permeable to H2O2, studies in E. coli and S. cerevisiae demonstrate that this compound cannot diffuse freely [9, 10]. Additionally, the dielectric properties of H2O2 are comparable to those of water and this compound has a slighter larger dipolar moment, further limiting its diffusion through the OM lipid bilayer. For HOCl, diffusion through the OM is also reported to be limited [11]. Therefore, H2O2 and HOCl must be channeled through the lipid bilayer and one possibility is the influx

through porins. We recently demonstrated that the most abundant OM protein in S. Typhimurium, OmpD, allows H2O2 diffusion and is regulated by ArcAB [12]. Little is known Temsirolimus molecular weight about the diffusion of HOCl, but genetic evidence has suggested that in E. coli porins might be used as entry channels for hypothiocyanate ions (OSCN−), a molecule with a similar chemical structure generated by lactoperoxidase using thiocyanate and H2O2 as an oxidant [40]. In one study, ompC and ompF knockout mutants Etomidate showed an increased resistance to

OSCN−, however, a direct role of porins in mediating HOCl diffusion was not evaluated. To assess whether OmpW allows the diffusion of H2O2 and HOCl, scopoletin and dihydrorhodamine (DHR)-123 probes, respectively, were used to measure uptake of both toxic compounds separately in a wild type, ∆ompW and a genetically complemented ∆ompW (pBAD-ompW) strain as described in methods. The ∆ompW strain showed an increase in extracellular fluorescence levels after exposure to H2O2 and HOCl resulting in higher extra/intracellular ratios (24 and 4-fold, respectively) as compared to the wild type strain, indicating that in the absence of OmpW the influx of both toxic compounds is decreased. Genetic complementation of ∆ompW resulted in nearly identical levels of both extra and intracellular fluorescence as those observed in the wild type strain, suggesting that OmpW is necessary for H2O2 and HOCl uptake (Figure 1A and C).

e. modular communicative networks) to undergo changes with regard to validity and denotation of systems objects without substantially altering the functionality of the entire communicative system (holism of the tumor’s living world): The systems ‘metabolism’ modularly and non-randomly changes validities and denotations of biochemical and biological processes. Modularly induced evolutionary steps advance the classic

definition of evolvability as the capacity of an organism or a biological system to generate new heritable phenotypes [7] by evolvability within the tumor’s living world. Situative Objectivation of the Tumor’s Living World We, and the smallest living units, i.e. socially interconnected cell communities, are ‘born’ to communicate. To describe intercellular communication features, we are constrained to terms borrowed from appraising interpersonal relations: Cell Akt inhibitor systems are getting instigated, CYT387 educated, reeducated, and attracted, and addressed cells may even be subject to fallacies

[8–12]. These few samples, describing different modes of agreement by an addressee or an addressing cell unit, show communication processes that are more than the appreciation of signals independent of the level of communication. Prerequisite for Copanlisib research buy the following discussion is that we assign a single cell communication competence on the background of its genetic repertoire. Communication processes with their occasionally complex facets of appreciation and generation of agreement might be considered constitutive in nature. However, the question arises whether differentially designed and therapeutically aligned communication procedures, such as modular therapy approaches, have the ability to objectify interrelations and communication structures between basically

communicatively associated and evolutionary developing cell communities, such as tumors. If so, a second L-NAME HCl and now situative objectivation could be generated besides the intentionally acquired previous context-dependent knowledge. Addressing the question which background communication processes may be initiated in tumors first, for instance, to alter the validity and denotation of transcriptional processes, requires a clarification of the single steps of communication from an intentional point of view (communication theory). In a second step, we have to explain the background which principally allows the commonly used reductionist therapy approaches to uncover the so far frequently unconsidered risk-absorbing background ‘knowledge’. This knowledge reassures systems robustness as illustrated by recovery from reductionist therapeutic interventions for tumor control. Tumor’s robustness may be specifically responsible for poor therapeutic outcome, and robustness may absorb severe therapy-induced toxicities in a patient’s organism.

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to host components in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2010, 52(1):12–37.PubMedCrossRef 48. Nakagawa I, Amano A, Kuboniwa M, Nakamura T, Kawabata S, Hamada S: Functional differences among FimA variants of Porphyromonas gingivalis and their effects on adhesion to and invasion of human epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2002, 70(1):277–285.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef 49. Chen T, Nakayama K, Belliveau L, Duncan MJ: Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains and adhesion to epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2001, 69(5):3048–3056.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef LXH254 chemical structure 50. Weinberg A, Belton CM, Park Y, Lamont RJ: Role of fimbriae in Porphyromonas gingivalis invasion of gingival epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1997, 65(1):313–316.PubMedPubMedCentral 51. Watarai M, Funato S, Sasakawa C: Interaction of Ipa proteins of Shigella flexneri with alpha5beta1 integrin promotes entry of the bacteria into mammalian cells. J Exp Med 1996, 183(3):991–999.PubMedCrossRef 52. Roger P, Puchelle E, Bajolet-Laudinat

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2% of isolates, whereas fHbp was predicted to cover only 36.4% of isolates, due to a relative high proportion of fHbp variant 2 and 3. The sequence homogeneity of NHBA in isolates belonging to cc162, quite always

containing peptide 20, and its high contribution to predicted coverage are of interest also due to the already described heterogeneity of this clonal complex in Greece. Moreover, our results suggest a strong association between NHBA peptide 20 and predicted coverage. In contrast, contribution of NadA to MATS-PBT predicted strain coverage was particularly low in Greek isolates although the encoding gene was present in 12% of isolates. However, recent data suggest that nadA expression is repressed under the MATS assay experimental conditions and that this repression see more is attenuated by 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, a natural Fosbretabulin in vivo molecule released in human saliva, thus leading to the de-repression of nadA in vivo or by its derivatives that are produced by leukocytes during inflammatory processes. These data further emphasize the conservative aspect of MATS-PBT analysis potentially leading to an underestimation of strain coverage. The de-repression of nadA is expected to lead to higher levels of NadA expression from nadA-positive strains and to increased killing by anti-NadA antibodies elicited by the 4CMenB vaccine [38]. Of note, PorA P1.4 was predicted

to cover not only 50% of isolates belonging to cc41/44, a clonal complex which usually associated with PorA VR2 4, but also 3% of isolates belonging to cc162. Recently, five European meningococcal new reference laboratories

were involved in a MATS standardization study (Euro-5, comprising Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Norway) [23] with an addition of Czech Republic and Spain providing their estimates. Beyond this first European study, there is a need for further investigations of strain coverage by clonal complex since the clonal complex distribution may vary on a country-by-country basis and the predicted strain coverage might be consequently different. The present study provides additional evidence on the predicted coverage for meningococci B cc162 that in a previous European study were less representative. The coverage predicted by MATS-PBT for the 52 strains collected in Greece during 2008–2010, a time frame comparable with the period considered by the Euro-5 study, was 88%. This estimation fell in the range of coverage observed among the Euro-5 countries regardless of the geographical distribution of the clonal complexes. For www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-673451.html instance, despite the prevalence of cc162 in the total 148 isolates, the most prevalent cc in Greece among the 52 isolates from 2008 to 2010, was cc269 (44.2%), which was well covered (97%) by 4CMenB. cc269 accounted for 19.5% in the Euro-5 study and was absent in Italy. The overall frequency of coverage by at least two antigens was similar (44.6% vs. 49.

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47. Li YH, Lau PC, Tang N, Svensater G, Ellen RP, Cvitkovitch DG: Novel two-component regulatory system involved in biofilm formation and acid resistance in Streptococcus mutans. J Bacteriol 2002, 184:6333–6342.CrossRefPubMed 48. Hayashi J, Nishikawa K, Hirano R, Noguchi T, Yoshimura F: Identification of a two-component signal transduction system involved in fimbriation of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microbiol Immunol 2000, 44:279–282.PubMed 49. Nishikawa K, Yoshimura F, Duncan MJ: A regulation cascade controls expression of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae via the FimR response regulator.

Mol Microbiol 2004, 54:546–560.CrossRefPubMed 50. Gallegos MT, Schleif R, Bairoch A, Hofmann K, Ramos JL: Arac/XylS family of transcriptional regulators. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997, 61:393–410.PubMed 51. Dong YH, Zhang XF, Xu JL, Tan AT, Zhang LH: VqsM, a novel AraC-type global regulator of quorum-sensing signalling and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Microbiol 2005, 58:552–564.CrossRefPubMed 52. Raivio TL, Silhavy TJ: Periplasmic stress and ECF sigma factors. Annu Rev Microbiol 2001, 55:591–624.CrossRefPubMed 53. Libby SJ, Lesnick M, Hasegawa P, Weidenhammer E, Guiney DG: The Salmonella Raf inhibitor virulence plasmid spv genes are required for cytopathology in human monocyte-derived SPTLC1 macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2000, 2:49–58.CrossRefPubMed 54. Lingnau A, Domann E, Hudel M, Bock M, Nichterlein T, Wehland J, Chakraborty T: Expression of the Listeria monocytogenes EGD inlA and inlB genes, whose products mediate bacterial entry into tissue culture cell lines, by PrfA-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Infect Immun 1995, 63:3896–3903.PubMed 55. Adams JL, McLean RJ: Impact of rpoS deletion on Escherichia coli biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999, 65:4285–4287.PubMed 56. Kojic M, Venturi V: Regulation

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On the day of experiment, the cells were treated with complexes at indicated concentrations for 1 h. An equivalent concentration of DMSO was used in the control culture. In all experiments, incubation with 2 mM N-acetylcysteine

(NAC) for 1 h was used as a reference control. After treatment, cells were collected, washed with PBS and incubated with the 5 μM H2DCF-DA at 37 °C for 30 min in the dark. Immediately after staining cells were collected and analyzed by flow cytometry (FACSCalibur; Becton–Dickinson, Mountain View, CA, USA). All results were processed by using CellQuest software (Becton–Dickinson). Results and discussion Chemistry We have prepared a two series of Cu(II) complexes with a substituted pyrazoles (1a–c), as depicted in Fig. 1. Complexes 2a–c of the general formula (CuLCl2) were obtained in reaction of ligands find more with CuCl2·2H2O (in a 1:1 molar ratio) Cilengitide cell line in ethyl acetate. The complexes 3a–c were synthesized in molar ratio 2:1 giving ionic complexes of general formula [CuL2](ClO4)2 (Fig. 2). The details of synthesis, results of elemental analysis and characterization of complexes using IR, NMR and MS spectroscopy were described in

our previous articles (Miernicka et al., 2008; Budzisz et al., 2009, 2010). All complexes were recrystallized from DMF, but only compounds 2a–c yielded EX 527 in vitro crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction. The complexes exhibit trigonal bipyramidal configuration at Cu(II) centre. Fig. 1 Structure of the ligands Fig. 2 Proposed structures of the 2a–c and 3a–c complexes SOD/CAT/GPx-like

activity Complexes 2a–c and 3a–c were investigated on their antioxidant Janus kinase (JAK) activity. The SOD (SOD-1), GPx and CAT activities and moreover total antioxidative status (TAS) have been determined. The results were expressed as enhancement (in %) of antioxidant enzymes activity and TAS value in blood samples treated with Cu(II) complexes in comparison to antioxidant activity in control samples and are presented in Fig. 3. Fig. 3 The enhancement (in %, mean value + SEM) of antioxidant activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant status (TAS) value in blood samples treated with Cu(II) complexes (20 μg/mL of blood) in comparison with antioxidant activity in control samples Our data underline that addition of compounds in blood lead to statistically significant increase in enzymes activities in comparison to control samples. The differences between two groups (samples with synthesized compounds and control group) were calculated using t test for dependent samples. T test results indicate that activity of CAT, SOD, GPx and TAS value in all samples with metal complexes was statistically significant (p < 0.01) greater than in control samples. SOD-1 is metalloprotein that catalyze ‘dismutation’ reaction which detoxify superoxide radicals (O 2 •− ) (Ercal et al.

And less than 10% of pancreatic cancer is resectable when being diagnosised and 5-year overall survival rate is less than 5% [17]. During the development selleck inhibitor of

pancreatic cancer, the blood can’t supply the tumor nourishment, thus the tumor are hypoxic partly, while hypoxia makes the tumor cell more malignant. In this way, the rapid growth and the hypoxia are unity of opposites in tumors [18]. CoCl2 is a chelator which instead of Fe2+ in hemoglobin, and then damage cell’s reception of oxygen [19]. The mechanism of CoCl2 simulating hypoxia is similar with hypoxic microenvironment in vivo, because they have identical signal transduction and transcription regulation. Moreover previous research demonstrated CoCl2 correlated with proliferation and apoptosis TPX-0005 cost in human carcinoma cells [20, 21]. In our study, we treated PC-2 cells with CoCl2 to simulate hypoxic microenvironment, MTT assay revealed along with the increased CoCl2 concentration, the exponential phase of PC-2 cells was earlier in advanced and persisted shorter, cells grew slower and went into platform period early(Figure 1). It is reasonable to assume that the step down in PC-2 cell proliferation correlated with the increased hypoxia, hypoxic microenvironment could slow down the speed

of tumor growth. HIF-1α, a transcription factor regulating genes’ expression induced by hypoxia, is a key molecular player in the hypoxic 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase response [22]. HIF-1α is generally resided in mammal and human tissue in hypoxic condition, it has been found over-expressed in about 70% tumor [5–7]. Experiment showed that under hypoxic the transcriptive SAHA HDAC nmr activity of HIF-1α was increasing, which indicated that hypoxic microenvironment might increase the genetic transcriptional level of HIF-1α to regulate the expression of downstream gene [22, 23]. However, some scholars presumed hypoxic microenvironment could enhance the stability of HIF-1α [24]. Our present research indicated HIF-1α obviously increased at both protein level and mRNA

level in PC-2 cells under hypoxic microenvironment, and it was positive correlated with the hypoxic time and the density of CoCl2. This suggested the level of hypoxia was coinciding with the expression of HIF-1α. Whether HIF-1α can promote tumor cell apoptosis or anti- apoptosis, the opinion didn’t reach unify, different research suggest converse results. Some date indicated overexpressed HIF-1α could promote apoptosis by activating Bcl-2 and Bcl-Xl or enhancing the stability of p53 [25]. On the other hand, experiment displayed HIF-1α could up-regulate the VEGF and GLUT1 to make tumor cell resist to apoptosis, inhibition of HIF-1α could promote apoptosis [26]. In our research, under electron microscope, PC-2 cells in hypoxic microenvironment were found in different apoptotic stage (Figure 2A-D), most were in early stage.

0 Female 12 25.0 Age     <55 20 41.7 ≥55 28 58.3 Differentiation     Well-differentiation 24 50.0 Moderately 20 41.7 Poorly 4 8.3 JPH203 clinical stage     I 10 20.8 II 2 4.2 III 21 43.7 IV 15 31.3 T-stage     T1 22 45.8 T2 23 47.9 T3 1 2.1 T4 2 4.2 Recurrence     No 33 68.7 Yes 15 31.3 Lymph node involvement     No 11

22.9 Yes 37 77.1 Immunohistochemistry Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples were sectioned at 5-μm thickness and stained with H&E for tumour confirmation. Sections adjacent to the H&E staining were used for immunohistochemical staining. Monoclonal antibodies against MMP-2 (MAB-0244), MMP-9 (MAB-0245), and ColIV (MAB-0025) were all purchased from MaiXin Biological Technology Corporation Ltd. (Fujian, China). The concentrations ABT888 of the primary antibody were 1:20 for MMP-2, 1:30 for MMP-9, and 1:100 for ColIV. The antibody was diluted with an antibody diluent. Immunohistochemical staining was performed by using the universal two-step method [18]. Briefly, the sections were first deparaffinized with xylene and rehydrated in graded ethanol. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by immersion of slides in 3% hydrogen peroxide. Salubrinal nmr 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) was applied for 15 min for blocking non-specific antigens. The mixtures were then incubated with the respective primary antibodies overnight in a humidified chamber maintained at 4°C. Subsequently,

they were incubated with the corresponding secondary antibody (PV6002, Zhongshan Goldenbridge Biotechnology, Beijing, China) for 30 min at 37°C. The antibody reaction was visualized by using diaminobenzidine (DAB) chromogen (Zhongshan Goldenbridge Biotechnology). Then, all the slides were counterstained with haematoxylin. Sections incubated with immunoglobulins of the same species at the same final concentrations served as negative controls, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) and placental trophoblastic cells (MMP-2,-9) and bronchial epithelial cells (ColIV) were used as positive controls. Evaluation of immunohistochemical results All samples were reviewed by two independent investigators who were blinded to the clinical outcomes of the patients. Image Pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics Inc.) was used to

calculate the intensity of the detected molecules. Three microscopic fields in tumour tissues (original magnification 400×) were randomly selected and the integral optical density (iOD) of MMP-2, MMP-9 and ColIV was calculated by image, which was considered as the expression level of positive-staining. Higher iOD values represented higher antigen expression, and vice versa. All iOD values were divided into four quartiles as follows: 0–25%, negative expression; 25–50%, weak expression; 50–75%, moderate expression; and 75–100%, strong expression. For statistical analysis, the patients were classified into two groups: ‘low expression’ included those with negative or weak expression and ‘high expression’ included those with moderate or strong expression.

Following three washes in PBS, cell monolayers were examined using a confocal laser scanning microscope (Zeiss, LSM710). Statistical analysis All experiments were conducted independently at buy Idasanutlin least three times. The results are expressed as means +/− SEM and statistical significance were performed by Student’s t-test. Acknowledgments Charlène Leneveu-Jenvrin is a recipient of a doctoral LY2228820 in vitro fellowship

from the region Haute-Normandie (GRR-SSE). This study was supported by grants from the Conseil Général de l’Eure, the Grand Evreux Agglomération and FEDER funds. LMSM is a member and is supported by the world’s leading centre Cosmetic Valley. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S1: Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of P. mosselii ATCC BAA-99 and P. mosselii MFY161. The antibiotics tested were ticarcillin (TIC), piperacillin (PRL),colistin (CT), imipenem (IPM), aztreonam (ATM), tobramycin (TOB), gentamycin (GN), amikacin (AK), ticarcillin + clavulanic acid (TIM), ceftazidime (CAZ), ciprofloxacin (CIP), cefsulodin (CFS), levofloxacin

(LEV), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (SXT), fosfomycin (FF) and netilmicine PXD101 order (NET). R, resistant; I, intermediate; S, susceptible. (PPTX 63 KB) References 1. Spiers AJ, Buckling A, Rainey PB: The causes of Pseudomonas diversity. Microbiology 2000, 10:2345–2350. 2. Peix A, Ramirez-Bahena MH, Velazquez E: Historical evolution and current status of the taxonomy of genus Pseudomonas . Infect Genet Evol 2009, 9:1132–1147.PubMedCrossRef 3. Liu R, Liu H, Feng H, Wang X, Zhang CX, Zhang KY, Lai R: Pseudomonas duriflava sp. nov., isolated from a desert soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008, 58:1404–1408.PubMedCrossRef 4. Kiprianova EA, Klochko VV, Zelena LB, Churkina LN, Avdeeva LV: Pseudomonas batumici sp. nov., the antibiotic-producing bacteria isolated from soil of the Caucasus Black Sea coast. Mikrobiol Z 2011, 73:3–8.PubMed 5. Pascual J, Lucena T, Ruvira MA, Giordano A, Gambacorta A, Garay E, Arahal DR, Pujalte MJ, Macian MC: Pseudomonas

litoralis sp. nov., isolated from Mediterranean seawater. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012, 62:438–444.PubMedCrossRef 6. Costa R, Gomes NC, Krogerrecklenfort Resveratrol E, Opelt K, Berg G, Smalla K: Pseudomonas community structure and antagonistic potential in the rhizosphere: insights gained by combining phylogenetic and functional gene-based analyses. Environ Microbiol 2007, 9:2260–2273.PubMedCrossRef 7. Bodilis J, Calbrix R, Guerillon J, Merieau A, Pawlak B, Orange N, Barray S: Phylogenetic relationships between environmental and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens and related species deduced from 16S rRNA gene and OprF protein sequences. Syst Appl Microbiol 2004, 27:93–108.PubMedCrossRef 8.

Low reflectivity in the UV to green light wavelength range gives promise Oligomycin A solubility dmso for multi-junction solar cells if more junctions are requested especially for high-band gap subcells. Figure 4 Reflectance values of bare T-J solar cell and T-J solar cells with Si 3 N

4 and ZnO nanotube coating, respectively. The photovoltaic I-V characteristics were measured under one sun AM1.5 (100 mW/cm2) solar simulator. The device parameters of Wnt inhibitor open-circuit voltage (V oc), short-circuit current (I sc), fill factor (FF) conversion efficiency (η), and quantum efficiency (QE) were measured. Figure 5a shows the I-V characteristics of T-J solar cells with and without a Si3N4 and ZnO nanotube structure. The efficiencies buy PFT�� of a T-J solar cell with and without a Si3N4 and ZnO nanotube structure are 19.3, 22.5, and 24.2%, respectively, as shown in Table 1. The short-circuit current density (J sc) increased from 12.5 to 13.2 and 13.2 to 13.9 mA/cm2 after the addition of a Si3N4 and ZnO nanotube on the solar cell, and the J sc was improved 5.3% in enhancement in overall

power conversion efficiency. The largest efficiency and J sc values were obtained for the T-J solar cell with ZnO nanotube. The reason for this is that a ZnO nanotube decreases the reflectance and increases the short-circuit current. The quantum efficiency of a solar cell is defined by the following equation: Figure 5 I-V characteristics of T-J solar cells and External quantum efficiency. (a) Photovoltaic I-V characteristics of T-J solar cell with and without Si3N4and ZnO nanotube structure, respectively. (b) External quantum efficiency of bare triple-junction (T-J) solar cell and T-J solar cell with DOK2 SiN4 and ZnO nanotube coating, respectively. Table 1 Measured illuminated electrical properties of bare triple (T-J) solar cell and T-J solar cell with SiN 4 and ZnO nanotube coating, respectively Sample V oc (V) J sc(mA/cm 2) FF (%) Efficiency (%) Bare T-J solar cell 2.2 12.5 71.2 19.3 With SiNx AR coating 2.3 13.2 74.5 22.5 With ZnO NW AR coating 2.3 13.9 74.8 24.2 (1) where

J sc (λ) is the total photogenerated short-circuit current density at a given wavelength λ, ϕ(λ) is the photon flux of the corresponding incident light, and q is the elementary charge [18]. We measured the spectral response of the external quantum efficiency (EQE), in which a xenon lamp and a halogens lamp were used as the illumination source sources. The EQE of the T-J solar cell device with SiN4 and ZnO nanotube coating, respectively, are presented in Figure 5b. Physically, EQE means the ability to generate electron-hole pairs caused by the incident photon [19]. The cell with ZnO nanotube coating shows an enhanced EQE in a range from of 350 to 1800 nm. The average EQE enhancements (△EQE) of the top and middle cells were 2.5 and 6.6%, respectively. This is due to the low reflection between the wavelength 350 to 500 nm, in respect to the solar cell coated with a ZnO nanotube.