This review aims to point out the role of pattern recognition receptors and signal molecules (cytokines, reactive oxygen species) of the innate immune response in

the pathogenesis of chlamydial infection. Besides inducing clearance of the bacteria, some of these effectors may be used by the Chlamydia to establish chronic infections or to spread. Selleckchem SN-38 Thus, the induced innate immune response seems to be variable depending on the species and/or the serovar, making the pattern more complex. It remains crucial to determine the common players of the innate immune response in order to help define new treatment strategies and to develop effective vaccines. The excellent growth in phagocytic cells of some Chlamydia-related organisms such as Waddlia chondrophila supports their use as model organisms to study conserved features important for interactions between the innate immunity and Chlamydia.”
“Aims: To assess whether an elective second admission for radioiodine is useful for patients with high-risk differentiated thyroid

cancer (DTC),

Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out on 47 high-risk DTC patients treated with a second admission for radioiodine at our centre during the 2007-2008 period.

Results: In 21 patients (45%), the surgeon described an incomplete resection. Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor Twenty-six (55%) had surgical macroscopic complete resection, but cancer cells at the margin of excision histologically. Overall, at the second admission for radioiodine, 27 patients (57%) had a normal post-treatment scan and undetectable thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulated

thyroglobulin. Twenty patients (43%) had raised stimulated thyroglobulin at second admission for radioiodine, of whom only six (13%) had abnormal uptake (>0.1%) on the post-treatment scan.

Conclusions: A second admission for radioiodine could have been avoided in most patients. Instead, information from stimulated thyroglobulin and a diagnostic radioiodine scan would have been sufficient to guide further management. This study also provides interesting outcome data on incompletely Fer-1 resected DTC. (C) 2010 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In this paper, we apply the Poisson, drift-diffusion, and Schrodinger solver coupled with the Monte Carlo method to study the in-plane carrier dynamics in the InGaN c-plane and nonpolar plane quantum well light-emitting diode device. Carrier diffusion, scattering, radiative recombination, and trapping by dislocation defects in the quantum well are studied. The impact of carrier dynamics on the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) in the quantum well with different indium compositions, dislocation densities, polarization effect, and interface roughness is studied.

ED was assessed by flow-dependent endothelial-mediated selleck chemicals vasodilation (FDD), and functional capacity by 6-minute walk test (6MWT).

RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were randomized to ATV+PLA and 38 to ATV+ALLO. Mean age was 59 +/- 2 years, 82% were male, and 22% had an ischemic etiology. Hypertension was present in 60%

and diabetes in 15% of those studied. No significant differences were observed between baseline measurements and after placebo. After 4 weeks of treatment, both groups showed a significant decrease on MDA (0.9 +/- 0.1 to 0.8 +/- 0.1 and 1.0 +/- 0.5 to 0.9 +/- 0.1 mu mol/liter, p = 0.88), UA (7.4 +/- 0.4 to 6.8 +/- 0.3 and 7.2 +/- 0.4 to 5.0 +/- 0.3 mg/dl, p <0.01) and FDD (3.9 +/- 0.2% to 5.6 +/- 0.4% and 4.6 +/- 0.3% to 7.1 +/- 0.5%, p = 0.07) with increased ecSOD activity (109 +/- 11 to 173 +/- 13 and 98 +/- 10 to 202 +/- 16. U/ml/min, p = 0.41) and improved 6MWT (447 +/- 18 to 487 +/- 19 and 438 +/- 17 to 481 +/- 21 m, p = 0.83), with all values for ATV +PLA and ATV+ALLO, respectively; p-values are for comparison between groups after treatment.

CONCLUSION: Short-term ATV treatment in heart failure (HF) patients reduces oxidative stress and improves

FDD and functional capacity. These beneficial effects are not strenghthened by the addition of alopurinol. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:408-13 (C) 2011 International Society Barasertib concentration of Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“Preeclampsia is a big problem in obstetrics. The diagnosis relies mainly on the detection of both hypertension and proteinuria. The gold standard for the determination of proteinuria is 24 h urinary protein creatinine ratio; however, this approach is inconvenient and it is a considerable time consuming process NSC23766 that might bring a delayed diagnosis which might result in delayed treatment. Although spot urine measurement can be done, it has very poor prediction. The use of periodic urinary protein creatinine ratio is proposed as a possible alternative to solve this problem.

Here, the author tries to perform a time effectiveness analysis for reported models on periodical urinary protein creatinine ratio for predicting significant proteinuria in preeclampsia. Data from previously published reports on this topic are used for further analysis. It seems that the alternative, 4 h, gives the most effectiveness in the shortest period of turnaround time. Hence, this alternative is recommended for screening proteinuria.”
“A new experimental technique to measure material shear strength at high pressures has been developed for use on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) drive pulsed power platforms. By applying an external static magnetic field to the sample region, the MHD drive directly induces a shear stress wave in addition to the usual longitudinal stress wave.

19 and 0.10). The optimal cut-off CP-868596 concentration points for natriuretic peptides were influenced by age, renal function and body mass index. Finally, both NT-proBNP and the albumin gradient correctly identified more than 80% of those cardiac effusions misclassified as exudates by standard criteria.

Conclusions: MR-proANP is as valuable a diagnostic tool as NT-proBNP for diagnosing or excluding HF as the cause of pleural effusion.”
“Objectives.

Chronic neuropathic pain has been an enigma to physicians and researchers

for decades. A better understanding of its pathophysiology has given us more insight into its various mechanisms and possible treatment options. We now have an understanding of the role of various ionic channels, biologically active molecules involved in pain, and also the intricate pain pathways where possible interventions might lead to substantial pain relief. The recent research on laboratory animals using virus-based vectors for gene transfer

at targeted sites is very promising and may lead to additional human clinical trials. However, one needs to be aware that this “”novel”" approach GW786034 is still in its infancy and that many of its details need to be further elucidated. The purpose of this article is to thoroughly review the current available literature and analyze the deficiencies in our current knowledge.

Design.

Literature review.

Methods.

After an extensive online literature search, a total of 133 articles Vactosertib inhibitor were selected to synthesize a comprehensive review about chronic neuropathic pain and gene therapy in order to understand the concepts and mechanisms.

Results.

Most of the studies have shown benefits of gene therapy in animal models, and recently, phase 1 human trials using herpes simplex virus

vector have started for intractable cancer pain.

Conclusion.

Although animal data have shown safety and efficacy, and initial human trials have been promising, additional studies in humans are required to more completely understand the actual benefits and risks of using gene therapy for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain.”
“Background and objective: Measuring adherence to inhaled asthma treatment is a key priority for asthma care. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-report and actual medication use as measured by electronic monitoring for single and combination inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) metered-dose inhaler therapy.

Methods: In this retrospective analysis from a previously completed prospective 24-week randomized, controlled trial of single or combination ICS/LABA therapy, medication use in the week prior to study visits determined by self-report questionnaire and electronic monitoring was compared.

(C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights A-1210477 order reserved.”
“Objectives. The objectives of this study were to describe and evaluate treatment outcomes achieved using guided bone regeneration (GBR) with autogenous bone grafting, particularly the effect of smoking and membrane exposure.

Study design. Twenty-seven bone augmentations were

carried out using intraorally harvested particulate bone grafts covered by titanium-reinforced ePTFE membranes. Healing events were monitored and treatment outcomes were evaluated.

Results. Twenty-three (85%) augmentations were successful and 4 (15%) were unsuccessful. Augmentations performed in nonsmokers were successful in 95% of cases, whereas the success rate in smokers was 63%. There were 4 (15%) cases of membrane BI 6727 in vivo exposure, but none affected the final outcome. Signs of soft tissue inflammation were present in 10 (37%)

of the augmentation sites, more often in smokers (75%) than in nonsmokers (21%). This difference was statistically significant (P = .008).

Conclusions. The results of this study support the use of this technique in the augmentation of resorbed alveolar processes. Smoking was associated with poor treatment outcomes in this study. Membrane exposures did not seem to affect outcomes. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: 825-830)”
“The degree of matrix-filler interaction plays an important role in determining the mechanical properties of biocomposite materials. To produce highly compatible chitosan biocomposites, 1,2,4,5-benzene

tetra carboxylic chitosan (BTC) was used as a filler to reinforce a chitosan matrix (Cs), because the similar backbone structure of Cs and BTC filler is expected to increase the compatibility of the biocomposite. The mechanical properties of these biocomposites were investigated under tension and tearing CCI-779 mode. Introduction of BTC filler (at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt%) provided dramatic increments in sigma(R) and E values, but the observed values of epsilon(R) and K correlated negatively to similar levels of BTC filler. Morphological results demonstrate that the breaking surfaces of biocomposites form rugged deformation lines, resulting in high sigma(K) values of the biocomposites. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 111-126, 2011″
“Objective. The objective of this study was to determine the capability of silk fibroin powder as a biomaterial template for the restoration of peri-implant defects when mixed with Choukroun platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in vivo.

Study design. Ten New Zealand white rabbits were used for this study. Using a trephine bur (diameter 7.0 mm), 2 monocortical defects were prepared. Subsequently, 2 dental implants were installed into the tibia (diameter 3.0 mm, length 10.0 mm).

(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3581113]“
“Background: Vitamin D status is known to be important for bone health but may also affect the development of several chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases, which are 2 major causes of death.

Objective: We aimed to examine how vitamin D status relates to overall and cause-specific mortality.

Design: The Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men, a community-based cohort of elderly men (mean age at baseline: 71 y; n = 1194), was used to investigate the association selleckchem between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and

mortality. Total plasma 25(OH)D was determined with HPLC atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Proportional hazards regression was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs).

Results: During follow-up (median: 12.7 y), 584 (49%) participants died. There was a U-shaped association between vitamin D concentrations and total mortality. An approximately 50% higher total mortality rate was observed among men in the lowest 10% (<46 nmol/L) and the highest 5% (>98 nmol/L) of plasma 25(OH)D concentrations compared Selleck GW4869 with intermediate concentrations. Cancer mortality was also higher

at low plasma concentrations (multivariable-adjusted HR: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.44, 3.38) and at high concentrations (HR: 2.64; 95% CI: 1.46, 4.78). For cardiovascular death, only low (HR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.21, 2.96) but not high (HR: 1.33; 95% CI: 0.69, 2.54) concentrations

indicated higher risk.

Conclusions: Both high and low concentrations of plasma 25(OH)D are associated with elevated risks of overall and cancer mortality. Low concentrations are associated with cardiovascular mortality. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:841-8.”
“Fowler-Nordheim electron GDC-0068 and hole tunneling characteristics across 4H-SiC MOS diodes are studied. Their slope constants are used to determine the hole effective mass in the thermal SiO(2) and the 4H-SiC conduction band offset. The hole effective mass in the SiO(2) is found to be 0.58 m, where m is the free electron mass. The 4H-SiC conduction band offset is found to be 2.78 eV. The average oxide fields used in the carrier tunneling characteristics are formulated. It is found that anode and cathode field corrections by the flatband voltage are critical in the evaluation of the above tunneling parameters. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi :10.1063/1.3587185]“
“Background: Little is known about the iodine status of lactating mothers and their infants during the first 6 mo postpartum or, if deficient, the amount of supplemental iodine required to improve status.

Objective: The objective was to determine maternal and infant iodine status and the breast-milk iodine concentration (BMIC) over the first 6 mo of breastfeeding.

jejuni for the first time with a detection limit of 10(6) CFU/ mL.”
“The structures of liquid Fe72RE6B22 (RE=Sc, Er, Ho, Dy, Y, Sm, Gd, Nd, and Ce) alloys were investigated by ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that the chemical affinity of Fe-RE

and RE-B may influence the glass forming ability more than the atomic size of RE atom in these alloys. As expected, the << 0,3,6,0 >> polyhedron dominates around B atoms and is significantly enriched by adding RE elements to the liquid Fe78B22 alloy. The good glass formers do not correspond to the larger percentages but to more RE atoms in the shell of << 0,3,6,0 >> polyhedron. These features suggest that the effect of the chemical composition of << 0,3,6,0 >> polyhedron on the glass forming ability may be larger than that of its quantity in these alloys.”
“Purpose: check details To compare the diagnostic accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) isotropic magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography with two-dimensional (2D) MR arthrography for the diagnosis of labral lesions of the shoulder performed by using a 3.0-T imager.

Materials and Methods: Institutional review board approval was given for this retrospective 5-Fluoracil datasheet study

and informed consent was waived. From March 2006 to January 2007, 100 patients underwent 3D isotropic and 2D MR shoulder arthrographic imaging by using a 3.0-T imager and subsequent arthroscopic surgery. The 3D isotropic sequences were performed by using fast gradient-echo imaging with fat suppression (voxel size, 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 mm; imaging time, 5 minutes 32 seconds) and were evaluated for the presence of superior, anterior, and posterior labral lesions by using 3D isotropic and 2D MR arthrography. The statistical differences between the sensitivity and specificity for both methods were analyzed by using the McNemar test, with arthroscopic findings regarded as reference standard.

Results: Surgical findings

confirmed 53 superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) lesions, 17 anterior labral lesions, and five posterior labral selleck chemical lesions. Respective sensitivity and specificity were 85% and 96% for SLAP lesions, 100% and 98% for anterior labral lesions, and 80% and 99% for posterior labral lesions by using 2D MR arthrography and 83% and 96% for SLAP lesions, 100% and 96% for anterior labral lesions, and 80% and 99% for posterior labral lesions by using 3D isotropic MR arthrography. There was no significant difference in sensitivities and specificities of both methods; however, the power of this study was limited and larger comparison is needed.

Conclusion: Isotropic 3D shoulder MR arthrography combined with a multiplanar reconstruction technique can help in the diagnosis of shoulder labral lesions as does 2D MR arthrography, but with shorter imaging times. (C) RSNA, 2009″
“Of all DNA markers on the human Y-chromosome, the tetra-local Y-linked microsatellite DYS464 is the most polymorphic.

Particularly, we underlined the role of MIBG scintigraphy in differential diagnosis of movement disorders. As described by recent studies, MIBG scintigraphy is a valuable diagnostic tool for differentiation between Lewy body diseases and parkinsonian syndromes or other movement disorders with parkinsonism. Furthermore, this

method may provide a powerful differential diagnostic tool between dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. We also reported the results of clinical investigations about the correlation between characteristics of Parkinson’s disease and myocardial MIBG uptake.”
“We have successfully demonstrated a lateral spin valve device using a silicon nanowire for the nonmagnetic channel. Low-temperature transport measurements with in-plane magnetic field were performed in both local and nonlocal configurations. Hysteretic behavior Autophagy inhibitors high throughput screening was observed in the local magnetoresistance SBI-0206965 in vivo curves, with a maximum change of 0.18% at 2.4 K. The shape of the magnetoresistance curves indicates spin valve behavior with two switching fields. In the nonlocal voltage configuration, distinct dips were observed when the injector and detector contacts had antiparallel magnetization states. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3562904]“
“Background: Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein-1 (SATB1), a new type of gene regulator, has been reported to be expressed in several human cancers

and may have malignant potential. However, no data on SATB1 expression and its relationship to tumor progression in

cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) has yet been reported.

Objective: We examined the immunohistochemical expression of SATB1 in CMM to determine whether it could serve as a prognostic marker.

Methods: A total of 97 samples of primary CMM and controls were immunostained for SATB1. The following clinicopathologic variables were evaluated: age, gender, subtype, SATB1 expression, Breslow thickness, Clark level, presence of ulceration, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and survival. Statistical analyses were performed to assess for associations. Several Wnt tumor parameters were analyzed for survival using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional-hazards model.

Results: Forty cases (85.1%) of CMM showed positive staining for SATB1 by immunohistochemistry. The intensity of SATB1 staining was significantly higher in CMM than in nevus NV and normal skin (NS) (P < 0.01). High SATB1 expression was significantly correlated with Breslow thickness, Clark level, mortality, presence of ulceration, and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.01). Moreover, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that SATB1 overexpression was significantly associated with worse survival (P < 0.01). Further univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis indicated that SATB1 expression was an independent prognostic marker for CMM (P = 0.03).

A 22 nm thick EuTiO(3) film grown on a (100) LSAT substrate and strained in biaxial Wnt inhibitor compression by 0.9% exhibited an increase in microwave permittivity at low temperatures consistent with it being an incipient ferroelectric; no strain-induced ferroelectric

phase transition was seen. In contrast, a 100 nm thick EuTiO(3) film grown on a (110) DyScO(3) substrate and strained in biaxial tension by 1% showed two peaks as a function of temperature in microwave permittivity and loss. These peaks correspond to a strain-induced ferroelectric phase transition near 250 K and to domain wall motion. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3537835]“
“Bibliometrics is a set of mathematical and statistical methods used to analyze and

measure the quantity ML323 and quality of books, articles, and other forms of publications. There are three types of bibliometric indicators: quantity indicators, which measure the productivity of a particular researcher; quality indicators, which measure the quality (or “”performance”") of a researcher’s output; and structural indicators, which measure connections between publications, authors, and areas of research. Bibliometric indicators are especially important for researchers and organizations, as these measurements are often used in funding decisions, appointments, and promotions of researchers. As more and more scientific discoveries occur and published research results are read and then quoted by other researchers, bibliometric indicators are becoming increasingly important. This article provides an overview of the currently used Raf targets bibliometric indicators and summarizes the critical elements and characteristics one should be aware of when evaluating the quantity and quality of scientific output. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“Background and aims: Nuts have been part of the human diet since prehistoric times. The aim of the present article is to describe the most important historical and cultural aspects of nut consumption throughout history.

Data synthesis: We discuss the

following historical aspects of nuts originating in the Mediterranean: prehistory, the Egyptian civilization, their spread through the Mediterranean region by the Greek, Phoenician and Roman civilizations, and their reintroduction into Europe by means of the Al-Andalus culture. Particular emphasis is placed on the healthy and nutritional attributes that nuts have had throughout history. We also consider the role of the first globalization of food-the exchange of nuts between continents-and discuss the symbolism that nuts have had for humans throughout history in the context of cultural aspects of the Mediterranean region.

Conclusions: Nuts and fruits are probably the earliest foods consumed by humans and are considered to be important because of their nutritional properties.

Treatment with parenteral 5-formyltetrahydrofolate resulted in normal development now at ages 3 and 1 year. Extending current knowledge on the phenotypic manifestations

of HFM and the PCFT mutation spectrum will provide opportunities to define possible genotype-phenotype correlations and clarify the basis for the phenotypic variability that is characteristic of this disorder.”
“Background: Large pelvic masses pose unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to varied aetiology, paucity of characteristic imaging features, lack of therapeutic algorithms and surgical difficulties in resection inside the narrow confines of the pelvis with close proximity of vital structures. Methods: Records of 22 patients with large pelvic masses in the last six years were analysed. Their demographic and clinical features were noted, along with imaging Selonsertib features, preoperative biopsy, surgical procedure, intraoperative difficulties, complications, adjuvant therapy and outcome. Results: There were 14 men and 8 women with a median age of 45 years. Presenting symptoms were abdominal

mass, pain, lower urinary tract symptoms, urinary retention and constipation. Imaging was mostly unable to determine the organ of origin of the tumour. Histopathology revealed pelvic fibromatosis (2), chondrosarcoma (1), liposarcoma (1), haemangioendothelioma (1), lymphangioma (2), fibroleiomyoma (1), leiomyosarcoma (3), schwannoma (4), malignant nerve sheath tumour (1), rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumour (1), retrovesical hydatid cysts (3), sacral chordoma (1) and Ewing’s sarcoma (1). In 5 patients complete excision was not possible because of extension GSK3235025 nmr into vital structures. Fifteen patients were alive at 1-5 years of follow-up. Conclusions: selleck Urologists,

being the ‘gatekeepers of the pelvis’, are usually involved in the management of large pelvic masses. Good outcome can be achieved with careful surgical planning. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“An investigation of the crystal structure, the magnetic and the piezoelectric properties of polycrystalline Bi1-xCaxFe1-x/2Nbx/2O3 (I) and Bi1-xPbxFe1-x/2Nbx/2O3 (II) systems was performed by x-ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and piezoresponse force microscopy. It is shown that an increasing niobium content induces a polar-to-nonpolar morphotropic boundary near x = 0.19 (I) and x = 0.3 (II). Within the polar region of the system (I), (0.15 <= x <= 0.18), the solid solutions are homogeneous weak ferromagnets whereas compounds of the system (II) do not exhibit an appreciable spontaneous magnetization. It is assumed that chemical substitutions leading to a decrease of the initial volume of the unit cell favor the stabilization of the weak ferromagnetic state within the rhombohedral ferroelectric phase. The piezoresponse is significantly enhanced near the morphotropic boundary.

Although gate-last process is favorable for high-k/III-V integration, high-speed logic devices require a self-aligned gate-first process for reducing the parasitic resistance and overlap capacitance. On the other hand, a gate-first process usually requires higher thermal budget and may degrade the III-V device performance. In this paper, we systematically investigate the thermal budget of gate-last and gate-first

process for deep-submicron InGaAs MOSFETs. We conclude that the thermal instability of (NH(4))(2)S as the pretreatment before ALD gate dielectric formation leads to the potential failure of enhancement-mode operation and deteriorates interface quality in the gate-first process. We thus report on the detailed study of scaling metrics of deep-submicron self-aligned InGaAs MOSFET without sulfur passivation, featuring optimized threshold www.selleckchem.com/products/azd6738.html voltage and negligible off-state Autophagy inhibitor degradation. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3553440]“
“We investigated the effects of Andrographis paniculata (AP) extracts and andrographolide on the catalytic activity of three human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 enzymes: CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. In vitro probe-based high performance liquid chromatography assays were developed to

determine CYP2C9-dependent tolbutamide methylhydroxylation, CYP2D6-dependent dextromethorphan O-demethylation and CYP3A4-dependent testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylation activities in the presence and absence of AP extracts and andrographolide. Our results indicate that AP ethanol and methanol extracts inhibited CYP activities more potently than aqueous and hexane extracts across the three isoforms. AZD1152 clinical trial Potent inhibitory effects were observed on CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 activities (K (i) values below 20 mu g/ml). Andrographolide was found to exclusively but weakly inhibit CYP3A4 activity. In conclusion, data presented in this study suggest that AP extracts have the potential to inhibit CYP isoforms in vitro. There was, however, variation in the potency of

inhibition depending on the extracts and the isoforms investigated.”
“Background: We compared the performance of tuberculin skin test (TST), Quantiferon-TB Gold in-tube (QFT-GIT), and T-SPOT. TB in diagnosing latent tuberculosis (LTBI) among childhood TB contacts in a TB endemic setting with high BCG coverage. We evaluated the performance of interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) and TST when combined in an algorithm.

Methods: Childhood contacts of newly diagnosed TB patients were tested with TST, QFT-GIT, and T-SPOT. The level of exposure in contacts was categorized according to whether they slept in the same room, same house, or a different house as the index case. For the evaluation of combined test performance, prior estimates for prevalence of latent TB were used in Bayesian models that assumed conditional dependence between tests.

Results: A total of 285 children were recruited. Overall, 26.5%, 33.0%, and 33.