Using a 96-well gel filtration spin column format, interfering species in the cell culture media were efficiently removed from the samples. This method is well suited to the purpose of high throughput antibody dimer quantitation during cell culture expression, including clone selection and cell culture development. The total dimer content, both covalent and non-covalent, can be determined

for hundreds of crude samples in a few hours. The effects of different cross-linking conditions on the determined dimer levels, as well as of different antibody pl values, are discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The work environment of intensive care nurses may have substantial impact on both nursing outcomes and patient safety. Performance obstacles are the factors that hinder intensive care nurses’ capacity to perform their jobs and that are associated closely with their HKI-272 molecular weight immediate work environment. Aim: To identify ASP2215 mouse the performance obstacles experienced by critical care nurses in their work environment that covers all elements of the work

system model. Subject and methods: An exploratory, descriptive design was utilized. The sample included all available nurses (n=60). Data was collected by using questionnaire performance obstacles. It was conducted in Damanhur teaching hospital in Damanhur city in 2 critical care units. Results: indicated that nurses experience in critical care units a wide variety of performance obstacles that cover all elements of the work system model. Conclusion: Performance obstacles represent the following elements of the work system: environment (6 obstacles), organization (7 obstacles), technologies or tools (4 obstacles), and task (4 obstacles). [Lamiaa Ismail Keshk; Shereen Ahmed Qalawa and Azza Anwar Aly. Performance Obstacles Experiences Among Critical Care Nurses in Damanhur Silmitasertib solubility dmso Teaching Hospital. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):1044-1054] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 155″
“Organic pollutants could be degraded by using bubble discharge in water with gas aeration in the discharge reactor and more plasma can be generated in the discharge

process. When pulsed high voltage was applied between electrodes with gas aerated into the reactor, it showed that bubbles were broken, which meant that breakdown took place. It could also be observed that the removal rate of phenol increased with increasing discharge voltage or pulse frequency, and with reducing initial phenol concentration or solution electric conductivity. It could remove more amount of phenol by oxygen aeration. With increasing oxygen flow rate, the removal rate increased. There was little difference with air or nitrogen aeration for phenol removal. The solution temperature after discharge increased to a great extent. However, this part of energy consumption did not contribute to the reaction, which led to a reduction in the energy utilization efficiency.

“
“The consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem services largely depend on the functional

identities of extirpated species. However, poor descriptions of spatial patterns of community functional composition across landscapes hamper accurate predictions, particularly in highly diverse tropical regions. Therefore, understanding how community functional composition varies across environmental gradients remains an important challenge. We sampled 15 functional traits in 800 Neotropical tree species across 13 forest plots representative of the broad climatic and soil gradients encompassed by three widespread lowland forest habitats GDC-0068 mouse (terra firme forests on clay-rich soils, seasonally flooded forests and white-sand forests) at opposite ends of Amazonia (Peru and French Guiana). We combined univariate and multivariate approaches to test the magnitude and predictability of environmental filtering on community

leaf and wood functional composition. Directional shifts in community functional composition correlated with environmental changes across the 13 plots, with denser see more leaves, stems and roots in forests occurring in environments with limited water and soil-nutrient availability. Critically, these relationships allowed us to accurately predict the functional composition of 61 additional forest plots from learn more environmental data alone.Synthesis. Environmental filtering consistently shapes the functional composition of highly diverse tropical forests at large scales across the terra firme, seasonally flooded and white-sand forests of lowland Amazonia. Environmental factors drive and allow the prediction of variation

in community functional composition among habitat types in Amazonian forests.”
“LUFFACHITIN obtained from the residue of the sponge-like dried fruit of Luffa aegyptiaca was developed as a weavable skin substitute in this study. A chemical analysis revealed that LUFFACHITIN was composed of a copolymer containing N-acetylglucosamine (similar to 40%) as a major monomer with a filamentary structure as demonstrated by both optical and scanning electron microscopy. The pulp-like white residue of the sponge-like dried fruit of Luffa aegyptiaca after treatment was then woven into a thin, porous membrane by filtration and lyophilization as a skin substitute for conducting wound-healing study on rats. The results indicated that the LUFFACHITIN membrane showed significant wound-healing enhancement (25 days to complete healing) compared to cotton gauze ( bigger than 30 days), but not inferior to that of SACCHACHITIN. Furthermore, the LUFFACHITIN membrane had advantages of having a high yield, better physical properties for fabrication, and a more attractive appearance.

7 +/- 18.6 months. No biopsies were performed for benign lesions. Also, no cancers were missed when the protocol was followed.\n\nConclusions: Screening with CT can be done effectively in an area endemic for histoplasmosis while minimizing benign biopsies. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;141:688-93)”
“Background\n\nAnxiety

disorders are common and disabling conditions, with a lifetime prevalence of 17% in the general population. Due to high rates of treatment resistance, there is interest in new pharmacological treatment options such as second-generation antipsychotics.\n\nObjectives\n\nTo evaluate the efficacy see more and tolerability of second-generation antipsychotics as monotherapy or adjunctive treatment for people with anxiety disorders.\n\nSearch strategy\n\nThe Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group’s controlled trial registers (CCDANCTR-Studies and CCDANCTR-References) were searched up to 21 July 2010. The author team ran complementary searches on ClinicalTrials.gov.\n\nSelection criteria\n\nWe included all randomised trials (RCTs) comparing

second-generation antipsychotic drugs with placebo, benzodiazepines, pregabalin or antidepressants. Participants were people with generalised anxiety disorder, MDV3100 panic disorder and specific phobias including social phobia.\n\nData collection and analysis\n\nTwo authors extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). For continuous data we calculated mean differences (MD) based on a random-effects this website model.\n\nMain results\n\nThe review currently includes eleven RCTs with 4144 participants on three second-generation antipsychotics (olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone). Nine studies investigated the effects of second-generation antipsychotics in generalised

anxiety disorder, only two studies investigated the effects in social phobia. There were no studies on panic disorder or any other primary anxiety disorder.\n\nSeven studies investigated the effects of quetiapine. Participants with generalised anxiety disorder responded significantly better to quetiapine than to placebo (4 RCTs, N = 2265, OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.10 to 4.45). However, they were more likely to drop out due to adverse events, to gain weight, to suffer from sedation or to suffer from extrapyramidal side effects. When quetiapine was compared with antidepressants, there was no significant difference in efficacy-related outcomes, but more participants in the quetiapine groups dropped out due to adverse events, gained weight and feeling sedated. Only two very small studies with a total of 36 participants examined olanzapine and found no difference in response to treatment. Two trials compared adjunctive treatment with risperidone with placebo and found no difference in response to treatment.\n\nAuthors’ conclusions\n\nWe identified eligible trials on quetiapine, risperidone and olanzapine.

“
“Objectives: Few studies report incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and other mild cognitive disorders (MCD) in cohorts in their 60s, at an age when diagnoses are less stable. The authors’ goal was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of MCI and MCD, characterize subgroups with stable vs nonstable diagnoses, and evaluate

the impact of diagnosis on daily life in a PARP inhibitor young-old cohort.\n\nMethods: A community-based cohort age 60 to 64 years in 1999 (n = 2551) was monitored for 8 years and assessed every 4 years. A two-stage sampling design was used to identify MCI and MCD through a neuropsychological and neurological assessment. A panel of physicians blind to previous diagnoses reviewed each case using published criteria.\n\nResults: The prevalence of MCDs in the cohort aged 68 to 72 years at the last follow-up was approximately 10%. An estimated 141 subjects (7.7%) progressed to MCI and 183 subjects (10.0%) progressed to

MCD between years 4 and 8. Only eight participants received a dementia diagnosis at any wave, five of whom progressed from MCDs. More than 45% of diagnoses were unstable during the 8 years of follow-up. Stable diagnoses were associated with lower Mini-Mental State Examination scores, history of neurological disorder, higher cardiovascular risk, and depression at baseline. MCDs were associated with impairments in instrumental activities of daily living and higher rates of reporting memory problems prior to diagnosis.\n\nConclusions: MCDs in

individuals in their 60s occur in at least 10% of the population and are likely to be heterogeneous in terms of their etiology buy AZD9291 and long-term prognosis, but may cause a significant impact in everyday life. (C) 2013 The Alzheimer’s Association. All rights reserved.”
“Seeds of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars (‘Talash’, ‘COS(16)’ and ‘Khomain’) were divided into four sub-samples, one of which was kept as control (non-primed, P(1)) and three other samples were soaked in distilled water at 20 degrees C for 7 (P(2)), 14 (P(3)) and 21 (P(4)) hours and then dried back to initial moisture content. IPI-549 research buy In the laboratory, the lowest mean germination time and the highest germination percentage and seedling dry weight were achieved with P(2), which was not significantly different from P. The mean rime of seed germination for ‘Khomain’ was significantly higher than that for ‘Talash’ and ‘COS(16)’. In the field, 1000 grain weight of ‘Khomain’ was significantly higher than that of other cultivars, but mean grains/plant, grains/m(2), grain yield/plant and grain yield/m(2) of ‘COS(16)’ and ‘Talash’ were significantly higher than those of ‘Khomain’ Therefore, grains/plant was the most important yield component affecting grain yield of pinto bean cultivars. Hydro-priming for 7 and 14 hours resulted in lower mean emergence time and higher seedling emergence percentage, grains/m(2) and grain yield/m(2), compared with P(1) and P(4).

(C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Loss of mitochondrial function often leads to neurodegeneration and is thought to be one of the underlying

causes of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease CX-6258 price (PD). However, the precise events linking mitochondrial dysfunction to neuronal death remain elusive. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin (Park), either of which, when mutated, are responsible for early-onset PD, mark individual mitochondria for destruction at the mitochondrial outer membrane. The specific molecular pathways that regulate signaling between the nucleus and mitochondria to sense mitochondrial dysfunction under normal physiological conditions are not well understood. Here, we show that Drosophila Clueless (Clu), a highly conserved protein required for normal mitochondrial function,

can associate with Translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) 20, Porin and PINK1, and is thus located at the mitochondrial outer membrane. Previously, we found that clu genetically interacts with park in Drosophila female germ cells. Here, we show that clu also genetically interacts with PINK1, and our epistasis analysis places clu downstream of PINK1 and upstream of park. In addition, Clu forms a complex with PINK1 and Park, further supporting that Clu links mitochondrial function with the PINK1-Park pathway. Lack of Clu causes PINK1 and Park to interact with each other, and clu mutants have decreased BTSA1 Apoptosis inhibitor R788 mouse mitochondrial protein levels, suggesting that Clu can act as a negative regulator of the PINK1-Park pathway. Taken together, these

results suggest that Clu directly modulates mitochondrial function, and that Clu’s function contributes to the PINK1-Park pathway of mitochondrial quality control.”
“Purpose: Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) is a rare entity characterized by epilepsy and aphasia. It occurs in previously normal children, usually between three and seven years of age. The long-term outcome of LKS is not completely clear. The aim of this study is to verify the long-term follow-up of a group of patients with LKS, focusing on clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) aspects, and quality of life. Methods: This was a transversal study. Between November 2006 and April 2007 seven patients with previous diagnosis of LKS were interviewed. They had had a follow-Lip of three to 16 years after their disease onset. They were all males between the ages of eight and 27 years old. All patients had normal MRI. Parents and/or patients were interviewed by one of the authors using a structured questionnaire. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, the Conner’s Rating Scales – Revised, and Short-Form Health Survey (SF 36) were used. Each patient had a prolonged interictal EEG recording. All patients had normal MRI. Results: The present investigation revealed that two patients still have seizures several years after epilepsy onset.

CHOH group of RNA, thereby replacing the four RNA stereocenters with a single (pro)stereocenter. Despite the documented inability of FNA to form stable duplexes with DNA flexible nucleoside triphosphates (fNTPS) GS-9973 molecular weight are substrates for DNA polymerases. Consistent with early predictions, FNA chirality is unimportant as polymerases accept both (S)-and (R)-INTP

antipodes. These results provide a renewed basis for positing FNA as a viable informational molecule.”
“Background: The treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung has not advanced sufficiently. Nedaplatin is a second-generation platinum compound that is active against squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, with a response rate of similar to 40%.\n\nPatients and methods: Eligible patients with advanced squamous cell

carcinoma of the lung were treated with docetaxel (60 mg/m(2)) and nedaplatin (100 mg/m(2)) administered i.v. on day 1; these doses were determined in an earlier phase I study. The treatment cycles were repeated every 3 weeks. The primary end point was the response rate, and the secondary end points were overall survival, selleck inhibitor progression-free survival, and toxicity.\n\nResults: Twenty-one patients were enrolled. Eighteen of the patients were male, and the median age was 67 years. The objective response rate was 62%. The median progression-free survival time was 7.4 months. The median survival time was 16.1 months, and the 1-year survival rate was 66.7% (95% confidence interval 46.5% to 86.8%). The most common adverse event was neutropenia (grade 3/4, 86%). Non-hematological toxic effects were AG-14699 relatively mild. One patient died of sepsis.\n\nConclusions: Combination chemotherapy with nedaplatin and docetaxel is highly active and has an acceptable

toxicity. Further investigation of nedaplatin and docetaxel is warranted.”
“In this study, a total of 39 enterococci strains were isolated and identified as 17 Enterococcus faecium (43.58%), 11 Enterococcus faecalis (28.21%) and 11 Enterococcus durans (28.21%) strains from 28 Tulum cheese samples from Isparta, Turkey. Three E. faecium (EYT6, EYT21 and EYT34) and 1 E. durans (EYT16) strains showed alpha-hemolytic activity on Sheep Blood Agar. None of the all strains exhibited beta-hemolysis. All of the 39 enterococci strains were sensitive to vancomycin (30 mu g vancomycin per disk, inhibition zone > 12 mm). Three E. faecium (EYT17, EYT31 and EYT39) and 1 E. durans (EYT19) strains were found as bacteriocin producer. E. faecium strains showed higher acidifying ability than E. faecalis and E. durans strains. The highest proteolytic activity value (100.5 mu g tyrosine/ml) was obtained from E. faecalis EYT18. Proteolytic activity results showed that E. faecalis strains generally more active than E. faecium and E. durans strains. E. faecalis strains were found the most lipolytic, followed by the E. faecium and E.

Of these, amino acid concentrations, particularly that of glutamine, the major amino acid in the sap, were substantially reduced by salt stress. The xylem sap proteome analysis demonstrated the accumulation of enzymes involved in xylem differentiation and lignification, such as cystein proteinases, acid peroxidases, and a putative hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl

transferase under salt stress. The peroxidase isozyme pattern showed that salt stress induced a high accumulation of an acid isoform.\n\nThese results suggest that xylem differentiation and lignification is induced by salt stress. The combination of different methods to analyse the xylem sap composition provides new insights into mechanisms in plant development and signalling MRT67307 datasheet under salt stress.”
“Two nucleotide polymorphisms of the interleukin-28B (IL28B) gene, at rs8099917 and rs12979860, influence the response to interferon (IFN)-based therapies in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) of genotype 1. We aimed to investigate Selleck LY2090314 whether these polymorphisms showed

complete linkage in Japanese patients.\n\nA total of 1,518 Japanese patients infected with HCV were genotyped for the two IL28B loci, and the two sets of genotypes were compared.\n\nTT at rs8099917 and CC at rs12979860 were detected in 77.7 and 76.8%, respectively, of the 1,518 patients and TG/GG and CT/TT were detected in 22.3 and 23.2%. These two sets of IL28B genotype stood in strong linkage disequilibrium (r (2) = 0.98). Discordance between the two IL28B polymorphisms occurred in 16 (1.1%) patients, and 13 (0.9%) of them possessed IFN-sensitive TT at rs8099917 and IFN-resistant CT at rs12979860. Three of these 13 patients had HCV of genotype 1b and had received pegylated-interferon and ribavirin, and none of them gained a sustained virological response. At rs8099917, IFN-resistant TG/GG

were more frequent in patients infected with HCV of genotype 1 than in those infected with HCV of genotype 2 [258/1,046 (24.7%) vs. 75/441 (17.0%), p = 0.001]. The response to pegylated-interferon/ribavirin in 279 patients who were infected with MK-2206 nmr HCV-1 and the response to IFN monotherapy in 361 patients who were infected with HCV-1 , was higher in those with TT than in those with TG/GG at rs8099917, as well as being higher in those with CC than in those with CT/TT at rs12979860 (p < 0.001).\n\nLinkage disequilibrium between two IL28B polymorphisms at rs8099917 and rs12979860 is strong in Japanese HCV patients, but there are some discrepancies between the two sets of genotypes.”
“Background: In recent years, biological event extraction has emerged as a key natural language processing task, aiming to address the information overload problem in accessing the molecular biology literature. The BioNLP shared task competitions have contributed to this recent interest considerably.

Four Pd-Ia metabolites (M1, M2, M3, and M4) were detected after incubation with Citarinostat cost rat liver microsomes. Hydroxylation was the primary metabolic pathway of Pd-Ia, and possible chemical structures of the metabolites were identified. Further research is now needed to link the metabolism of Pd-Ia to its drug-drug interactions.”
“This article presents the results of mass concentration of major acidic anions (chlorides, nitrates and sulphates) in TSP and PM10 particle fraction in Zagreb air measured continuously at one measuring site in 2004. The annual average mass concentrations of

the investigated anions followed the order chloride <nitrate < sulphate. Significant correlations were

obtained between TSP and investigated anions and between PM10 and investigated anions, the latter showing a higher correlation coefficient. The annual average mass ratio of (NO3-)/(SO42-) obtained in TSP and PM10 was >0.8, which suggests that mobile source emission was an important contributor to particle mass.”
“Background-Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a heritable disorder of connective tissue, affecting principally skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular systems. The most life-threatening manifestations are aortic aneurysm and dissection. We investigated changes in the proteome of aortic media in patients with and without MFS to gain insight into molecular mechanisms leading to aortic dilatation.\n\nMethods and Results-Aortic samples selleck screening library Metabolism inhibitor were collected from 46 patients. Twenty-two patients suffered from MFS, 9 patients had bicuspid aortic valve, and 15 patients without connective tissue disorder served as controls. Aortic media was isolated and its proteome was analyzed in 12 patients with the use of 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. We found higher

amounts of filamin A C-terminal fragment, calponin 1, vinculin, microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4, and myosin-10 heavy chain in aortic media of MFS aneurysm samples than in controls. Regulation of filamin A C-terminal fragmentation was validated in all patient samples by immunoblotting. Cleavage of filamin A and the calpain substrate spectrin was increased in the MFS and bicuspid aortic valve groups. Extent of cleavage correlated positively with calpain 2 expression and negatively with the expression of its endogenous inhibitor calpastatin.\n\nConclusions-Our observation demonstrates for the first time upregulation of the C-terminal fragment of filamin A in dilated aortic media of MFS and bicuspid aortic valve patients. In addition, our results present evidence that the cleavage of filamin A is highly likely the result of the protease calpain. Increased calpain activity might explain, at least in part, histological alterations in dilated aorta. (Circulation. 2009; 120: 983-991.

“
“Background

Central venous catheter (CVC) placement increases the risk of thrombosis in people with cancer. Thrombosis often necessitates the removal of the CVC, resulting in treatment delays and thrombosis-related morbidity and mortality. Objectives To evaluate the relative efficacy and safety of anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer with a CVC. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, Issue 12, 2012), MEDLINE Ovid (January 1966 to February 2013), and EMBASE Ovid (1980 to February 2013). We handsearched conference proceedings, checked references of included studies, used the ‘related citations’ feature within PubMed, and searched clinicaltrials.gov for ongoing studies. Selection criteria Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing this website the effects of any dose of unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), vitamin K antagonists (VKA),

or fondaparinux with no intervention or placebo or comparing the effects of two different anticoagulants in people with cancer and a CVC. Data collection and analysis Teams of two review authors independently used a standardized form to extract data in duplicate. They resolved any disagreements by discussion. They extracted data on risk of bias, participants, interventions, and outcomes. Outcomes of interest included buy PF-00299804 mortality, symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT), asymptomatic DVT, major bleeding, minor bleeding, infection, and thrombocytopenia. Where possible, we conducted meta-analyses using

the random-effects model. Main results Of 9559 identified citations, we included 12 RCTs (17 publications) reporting follow-up data on 2823 participants. Two of the RCTs included children. Of the 10 RCTs including 2564 adults, one compared prophylactic dose heparin with low-dose VKA. Three RCTs compared VKA with no VKA and four RCTs compared heparin with no heparin. Two additional GSK461364 datasheet trials had three separate arms comparing heparin, VKA, and no intervention. Prophylactic-dose heparin, compared with no heparin, was associated with a statistically significant reduction in symptomatic DVT (risk ratio (RR) 0.48; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27 to 0.86; moderate-quality evidence). However, results did not confirm or exclude a beneficial or detrimental effect of heparin on mortality (RR 0.82; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.26; moderate-quality evidence), major bleeding (RR 0.49; 95% CI 0.03 to 7.84; low-quality evidence), infection (RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.54 to 1.85; moderate-quality evidence); thrombocytopenia (RR 1.03; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.33; moderate-quality evidence), or minor bleeding (RR 1.35; 95% CI: 0.62 to 2.92). Low-dose VKAs, compared with no VKAs, were associated with a statistically significant reduction in asymptomatic DVT (RR 0.43; 95% CI 0.30 to 0.62).

“
“Background: Right to left

shunt and regional hypoventilation (reduced ventilation/perfusion ratio (V-A/Q)) have different effects on the curve relating inspired oxygen P1O2) to oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO(2)) and can https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gw2580.html be derived non-invasively from measurements Of SpO(2) and inspired oxygen pressure (P1O2) using complex models of gas exchange. We developed a simpler computerised “slide-rule” method of making these derivations.\n\nAims: To describe the slide-rule method and determine agreement between measurements derived with this and a more complex algorithm.\n\nMethods: Series Of P1O2 versus SpO(2) data points obtained during 43 studies in 16 preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia were analysed. Percentage shunt and the degree of right shift (kPa) of the P1O2 versus SpO(2) curve compared HM781-36B purchase with the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve (a measure of V-A/Q were determined for

each dataset with both methods, and the results were compared using the method of Bland and Altman.\n\nResults: The computer slide-rule method produced results for all 43 datasets. The more complex model could derive results for 40/43 datasets. The mean differences (95% limits of agreement) between the two methods for measurements of shunt were -1.7% (-6.5 to +3.5%) and for measurements of right shift were 0,3 kPa (-2.9 to +3.6 kPa).\n\nConclusion: The slide-rule method was reliable for deriving shunt and right shift (reduced V-A/Q) of the P1O2 versus SpO(2) curve when compared with the more complex algorithm. Selonsertib in vivo The new method should enable wider clinical application of these measurements of oxygen exchange.”
“The expansion of intensive livestock farming, especially the construction of mega stables, is highly contested in the Netherlands. In this context, local authorities try

to make decisions about situating mega stables on their territory by balancing out various interests. However, many become entangled in escalating processes and lose the trust of both citizens and farmers. On the basis of an evaluation of a decision-making process about a mega stable project in a small Dutch town, this article analyzes why distrust occurs and what local authorities could do to prevent this. In-depth interviews and participant observations show how different configurations of stakeholders became fixed in their own convictions, values, and fears, resulting in mutual annoyances, misunderstandings, blaming, and, finally, distrust. The more information public officials provided to dispel doubts about the mega stables, the more citizens started to distrust the local government. Trust is not enhanced by more information and transparency alone. The paper concludes that, once a decision-making process escalates and distrust arises, it is very difficult to revitalize the process and regain trust.